U.s. Food And Drug Administration - 2538 Words

FDA’s position The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through regulating pharmaceutical drugs, biologics and medical devices in the context of granting approvals for marketing authorization, surveillance of the clinical trial study of the drug, and post-marketing surveillance of the medical product. Pharmaceutical companies seek FDA approval for a new drug to be marketed which entails a long process. This process starts with submitting an application known as an investigational new drug application (IND) to start clinical trials to enroll a group of patients believed to benefit from the investigational product, and to approve that the drug is safe and effective. On the other hand, there are many patients who could not be enrolled in clinical trials because they do not fit the inclusion criteria or because the study is for a different indication. However, in these cases the patient may be able to receive the product medication under certain criteria through expanded access. Since 1987, the FDA has established rules that have enabled patients to access drugs or biologics that are still in development for treatment purposes, but the access primarily is limited to patients with cancer and HIV infection. In 2009, the FDA promulgated a program called the â€Å"expanded Access† orâ€Å"compassionate use† program ( 21 CFR 312.1) with clear regulations and procedures which provide greater access to more patients whoseShow MoreRelatedU.s. Food And Drug Administration3715 Words   |  15 Pages U.S. Food and Drug Administration Proposed Rule to Extend Its Reigns Over E-Cigarettes Abstract The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and received its name in 1930. Although the FDA’s roots can be traced back as far as 1862, its right as a regulatory agency came into effect under the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act. This legislation was created to eliminate misrepresentation of food and drugs in an effort to protect theRead MoreU.s Food And Drug Administration1753 Words   |  8 PagesOn December 1, 2014 the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established two new rules requiring menu labeling and vending machine labeling. What does this mean exactly, well when it comes to menu labeling any establishment that has 20 or more chains are now required to list the calorie information on their menus or menu boards. This not only includes sit-down restaurants but also drive-through windows and takeout foods. They also established another rule for vending machines which requires allRead MoreU.s. Food And Drug A dministration 20081687 Words   |  7 Pages U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2008, FDA Public Health Notification: Serious Complications Associated with Transvaginal Placement of Surgical Mesh in Repair of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, updated 2015, viewed 13 January 2016, . Williams, S 2016, Will 2016 Be Johnson Johnson s Best Year Yet? , The Motley Fool 1995 – 2016, Viewed 6 January 2016, . Wordsworth, M 2012, Johnson Johnson to phase out potentially harmfulRead MoreSupplements : Dietary Supplements, As Defined By The Fda ( U.s. Food And Drug Administration1344 Words   |  6 PagesIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Dietary supplements, as defined by the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), are products intended for ingestion which contain any ingredients which add further nutritional value to the diet. Dietary supplements fall under the food category and consist vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, metabolites, extracts (U.S. Food and Drug and Administration (FDA), 2015). Supplements are taken by many people to assist in the building of muscle and to assist in recovery after workoutsRead MoreEnsuring Consumer Safety: Toward Redefining the U.S. Food and Drug Administration4116 Words   |  17 PagesEnsuring Consumer Safety: Toward Redefining the U.S. Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of foods, medical devices, and prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications). The FDA regulates and supervises medical devices and drugs throughout their development, manufacturingRead MoreEssay Bio-engineered Processed Food1667 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, food has been increasingly changing from natural food to bio-engineered processed food. Modern civilization has changed the type of food people intake. The market has found the way to conserve and present their food in a way which attracts customers to buy them. In today’s society, companies transport food to places which were difficult before to reach in other places. In consequence, companies began to utilize chemicals and preservatives in order to aid in the maintenance of the f ood duringRead MoreFrequency Of The Radio Frequency Technology1001 Words   |  5 Pagessignals back from the tag (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2014). The tags use the radio waves to communicate the identity to the nearby readers and this process can be active or passive (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2014). Passive RFID tags are powered by readers and do not require battery. The active RFID tags are powered by batteries. The RFID tags can store a range of information from one serial number to several pages of data (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2014). In the healthcareRead MoreVaccines Are Safe And Safe Today1231 Words   |  5 Pagesprovided to the public. Currently the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting the over all public health of the United States of America (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015). The FDA protects the â€Å"public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation† (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015). On the Medical aspect, theRead MoreSafety Of Food And Drugs Consumption1448 Words   |  6 PagesSafety in food and drugs consumption is a necessity to consumers. It is the FDA s responsibility to ensure food and drug safety for the public. That’s why the FDA is what happens when agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness. As the Food and Drug Administration Progresses it had became a reliable source for Americans .President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 to provide the publicRead More History and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of 19061232 Words   |  5 PagesHistory and Laws behind the Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 As one of the primary federal consumer-protection laws in existence today, The Federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a law that had two primary goals for food and drugs: (a) forbid harmful ingredients and additions and (b) demand labeling of ingredients to inform consumers. According to Janssen (1981), it was hoped that the enactment of this law would

Becoming a Marine Biologists - 1603 Words

The life of Marine animals lies in the hands of scientist who try to study and protect them. From the early years of human life, marine animals have taken a part in the lives of humans as a source of food and everyday uses, but as the years have progressed and humans got curious we have started to study marine animal life and there ecosystems. Marine life has aided us and also it has perished and is still experiencing loses. The marine biology world has helped marine animals and has hurt them, but the controversial issues might actually outweigh the good things marine biologists have done and learned. Marine biology is the study of the interactions of living things in and near the ocean ecosystem.(Cronin). A Greek philosopher named Aristotle was thought to be the first Marine Biologist. He documented and described many forms of marine life. During the Renaissance period, Europeans started to explore the world. At first the exploration was about conquering the new land and traveling to different lands, but over time the explorers became curious about the ocean and what was in it. Soon explorers began to take Naturalist on their explorations to make scientific discovers about the ocean and lands. By the mid eighteen hundreds explorations were being funded solemnly for scientific research. As an alternative to working on boats where specimens could only be collected and preserved (as dead) and long-term observations were impossible, many scientists began to conduct theirShow MoreRelatedIf You Are Interested in Marine Biology773 Words   |  3 Pages Marine Biology If you are interested in adventuring the depths of the ocean, being a marine biologist is the job for you. As a marine biologist you will need to have several years of schooling in order to have a successful career. Being a marine biologist can be an enjoyable and dangerous job, but the journey is worth the ride. Several people ask what is a marine biologist? There are various answers to this question. The best answer shall be that a marine biologist is someone who works in someRead MoreMarine Biology And Its Impact On Society1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Marine Biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water. Marine Biologists are the examiners of this science. Marine Biologists play an important role in today’s society because 71% of the Earth is made up of water and only 5% of water on Earth has been discovered (â€Å"Ocean†). Without having these scientists in our communities today, the largest part of Earth would remain a mystery. The process of becoming a Marine Biologist is no easy task. ItRead MoreThe Ocean Has Been My Favorite Environment972 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia. It wasn t until I encountered a wild dolphin at Clearwater beach, Florida that I decided to be a marine biologist. The dolphin was so friendly and welcoming, swimming by me and my brother and allowing us to stroke his slimy skin. That experience will stick with me forever and is a huge part of why I want to pursue a career in marine biology. When I chose to be a marine biologist, my parents were very supportive. They would take us to the beach as much as possible for vacations, but alsoRead MoreA Successful Marine Biologist That Specializes The Natural Beauty Of The Oceans Ecosystem852 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing into outer space, not to say that it is impossible to reach such a far fetched goals. My main goals or â€Å"dream goals† that I am currently striving for are career based, and those goals are to one day become a successful Marine Biologist that specializes in cetaceans, marine mammals, while also trying my hardest to converse the natural beauty of the oceans ecosystem. Now this may not be the most finically sound job, or even easily achieved career, but for me it is not about the money or easy wayRead MoreA Student At Hampton University1190 Words   |  5 PagesHBCU’s. However, occasionally I find myself becoming frustrated when ask the question â€Å"why† in a way that questions the valid ity and or need for HBCU’s in 2016. As a student at Hampton University I did not fully realize the impact it would have on me, but looking back, it is clear to me that those experiences have shaped who I’ve grown into today, and strongly influence to my desire to pursue a career in environmental science education. My first class in Marine and Environmental Science department atRead MoreHelp Rescue And Rehabilitate The Animals909 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents would experience. They would gain one of a kind skills from these rescue and rehabilitation experiences. SeaWorld has a staff of animal care experts that can teach students their collective knowledge, because no one knows how to care for marine animals like SeaWorld. The Four actions of the Blue Ocean Strategy are raise, create, eliminate and reduce. By Following the Blue Ocean Strategy, we are eliminating the current need to gain practical experience after receiving your bachelors degreeRead MoreOverfishing Is A Problem For A Long Time1713 Words   |  7 PagesOver fishing has been a worldwide problem for a long time. Overfishing is not only a problem for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) but with many other marine animals. The economic effect overfishing has on the cost of fishing and how it affects people is important. Overfishing has a huge economic effect on fishermen and the cost of fishing. Even though many people believe that overfishing is not that big of a problem, it seems to be an ongoing problem in the world. Overfishing is a major problem todayRead MoreI Want to Become a Marine Biologist536 Words   |  2 Pagesenlistment is up, I want to be a diver at an aquarium where I can feed the animals; Meanwhile, I would like to attend Rosen stiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at The University of Miami and earn a doctorate degree in Marine Biology to become a Marine Biologist. Ive always been fascinated with animals, especially aquatic life. Although, I wasnt dead-set on becoming one at first, over spring break I made my final decision. We went to an aquarium and I just loved every bit of it; the animal’s interactionsRead MoreOcean Science Class : A Marine Biologist963 Words   |  4 PagesFor the longest time I wanted to be a marine biologist, so I decided to take an Ocean Science class this semester and my professors name is Mr. Wayne T. Marko. I decided to interview him for that very reason. I wanted to know why he chose his field, but also why he likes to teach about the ocean. Mr. Marko has his Ph.D. in Geoscience and his M.S. in Geosciences from Texas Tech University. He also received his B.S. in Geological Sciences at the University of Southern California. Mr. Marko’s researchRead MoreW hat will the effects be if we dont stop plastic pollution in our oceans?991 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch scientist who specializes in plastics. It s still somewhere in the marine environment. (Doucette, para. 8) Said by The United Nations Environment Program, it is estimated that plastic debris kills more than 100,000 marine mammals and 1 million seabirds every year (Doucette, para. 9). Between 1970 and 2003, plastics became the fastest growing segment of the US municipal waste stream, increasing nine-fold, and marine litter is now 60–80% plastic, reaching 90–95% in some areas (Moore, para.

Arrow Electronics Case Study free essay sample

Arrow Electronics is the fastest growing distributors of electronic components in North America and the world’s largest overall at the time of this study. Arrow’s capital structure policy is heavy on dependence on debt financing, which is sharp in contrast to its main rival, Avnet. CEO Stephen Kauffman is struggling with the implementation of an accurate and reliable way to evaluate his employees. Kauffman implemented an EPR (Employee Performance Review) system that was currently not providing him with enough information that he needed to determine the level of performance given to him by his employees. Because of industry trends and compensation practices, the electronics distributors sales force is transitory. The industry has a high turnover in sales and usually when sales reps move to other companies they take their customers with them. For five years Arrow struggled with the accuracy and implementation of their EPR. Arrow saw problems ranging from inflated scores, ratings that reflected the self-serving bias of the managers who administered the appraisal, to lack of consistency. Kauffman decided to respond to these problems by providing training on how to scale, score and administer the appraisal. He made video notifiying managers exactly what he wanted and set goals to what percentage of employees should score in every single one of the categories. When Kauffman received the results from managers he became frustrated because the results were skewed. A problem existed with how the appraisals were given, but the real problem lied with the appraisal itself. The EPR that Arrow was asked to use was asking the managers to evaluate their employees compared to one another, rather than comparing them to expected standards using behavioral targets. The appraisal is worded in a way that each individual employee’s success is defined within the parameters of the success or failure of their coworkers. Because of this system, the appraisal was driving subjective feedback when Kauffman was looking for objective feedback. Building on this mishap, Kauffman’s system to evaluate his employees is used as a point in a field of data to determine an employee’s chance for promotion or termination. Kauffman states that he wants employees to understand that getting a low score is not punitive, but how would you respond if you received a low score? Kauffman needs to find a way to keep Arrow salespeople with Arrow. One way of doing this would be to have employees appraise their work satisfaction and have management develop and implement a system that increases the employee’s satisfaction. Arrow had a couple key company objectives. Arrow wanted to eliminate long turnaround to answer RFPs, improve sales process by automating quotes, reduce pricing and inventory errors, and expand information capture capabilities. Arrow Electronics was experiencing a competitive disadvantage because of long turnaround times on customer requests for product pricing and availability. Even though Arrow had a sophisticated quoting system, their customers submitted RFPs in multiple different formats such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, or CSV text file. Because of these different formats, this created turnaround and accuracy problems and required Arrow personnel to post data manually and prepare a response to the customer’s RFP. The costly delays that resulted from this turnaround resulted in lost sales. Scheihing had described the poor shipping performance as resulting from a late day surge in orders hitting the PDCs in large quantities that it was not possible to pick and ship them by the last carrier pick-up. When Scheihing was the operations manager in the Philadelphia branch, she recalled that late orders just meant a little overtime in the warehouse and an early start in the morning for their driver. With the closing of the local branch warehouses and the building of the four PDCs, the situation had changed. Scheihing needs to focus on what actions are needed to get the same day shipping performance back to 95%. One way of doing that would be to focus on pushing back the carrier pick up times, adding permanent full-time staff to handle the daily surges, and building a part-time staff to call in on short notice instead of only working more overtime. The Mainframe System that Arrow was using as a repository of all data and converted the orders received from the Sales Desktop to shipping instructions for the appropriate PDC was experiencing some problems. One of the abilities the Mainframe System had was the ability to track inventory at very detailed levels. There existed five possible on-hand positions for inventory that had been put on the shelf or picked for an order. Scheihing once remarked that Arrow was â€Å"controlled by the IT System. † Arrow was dependent on its systems and the information contained in them had to be accurate. Inaccurate inventory data has the potential to drastically affect Arrow’s performance. Arrow tracked their inventory accuracy and if it experienced dings between 2-5% then it needed â€Å"turning up. † Anything over 5% was a serious problem and would require a team from corporate to audit and suggest improvements. Sheihing believed that accurate data were central in such a way that failure to maintain data accurately resulted in managers being fired. Inaccurate inventory data could cause a trickle down affect that would negatively affect the way Arrow did business and portray them as someone who cannot be relied on as a successful business entity.

Locke VsHobbes Essay Research Paper Locke versus free essay sample

Locke Vs.Hobbes Essay, Research Paper Locke versus Hobbes Locke and Hobbes were both societal contract theoreticians, and both natural jurisprudence theoreticians, but at that place the resemblance ends. All other natural jurisprudence theoreticians assumed that adult male was by nature a societal animate being. Hobbes assumed otherwise, therefore his decisions are strikingly different from those of other natural jurisprudence theoreticians. What would life and human dealingss be like in the absence of authorities? Thomas Hobbes was the first to try to exemplify this status utilizing an rational device- a # 8220 ; thought experiment # 8221 ; , known as the # 8220 ; State of Nature # 8221 ; . For Hobbes, the province of nature was non an existent period in history, but instead a manner of apologizing how people would move in their most basic province. He believed that everything in the existence was merely atoms in gesture, and that geometry and math could be used to explicate human behaviour. Harmonizing to his theories, there were two types of gesture in the existence: Vital ( nonvoluntary gesture such as bosom rate ) , and Voluntary ( things that we choose to make ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Locke VsHobbes Essay Research Paper Locke versus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Voluntary gesture was so broken into two classs that Hobbes believed were mathematical equations-Desires and Aversions. Desires were things one was moved to or that were valued by the person, while antipathies were frights or things to be avoided by the person. Hobbes farther believed that an single # 8217 ; s appetite invariably kept him or her in gesture, and that in order to stay in gesture, everyone needs a certain grade of power. Therefore the chase of power is the natural province of worlds. Hobbes so says that nature ahs made work forces fundamentally equal. He besides says that people were invariably in a battle for power and above all else, they wanted to avoid a violent decease. In the province of nature, people were ever at war with one another, a war of all against all. Every individual had the right to make anything they pleased. Hobbes thought that this would travel on until people discovered that they could forestall their death by avoiding making things that would intentionally jeopardize their lives. Hobbes besides thought that an autocratic authorities would come to power in order to implement the societal contract by whatever agencies necessary. He called this Leviathan. Persons exchanged their rights in return for peace, security, and protection from one another. John Locke embraced many of the thoughts presented by Hobbes in his theories on the province of nature and the rise of authorities. They differed nevertheless, in that Locke believed that God was the premier factor in political relations. He believed that persons were born with certain rights given non by authorities or society, but by God. This he said, is what gives all people equality. Locke said in the province of nature work forces largely kept their promises and honored their duties, and, though insecure, it was largely peaceable, good, and pleasant. He says that worlds know what is right and incorrect, and are capable of cognizing what is lawful and improper good plenty to decide struggles. In peculiar, and most significantly, they are capable of stating the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to person else. Hobbes says that our cognition of nonsubjective, true replies on such inquiries is so lame, so little and imperfect as to be largely worthless in deciding practical statements. In a province of nature people can non cognize what is theirs and what is person else # 8217 ; s. Property exists entirely by the will of the province, so in a province of nature work forces are condemned to endless violent struggle. On the societal contract, Locke says we give up our right to ourselves. We retain the right to life and autonomy, and derive the protection of our belongings. Hobbes fundamentally says, if you shut up and make as you are told, you have the right non to be killed. On the Violation of the societal contract, Locke says that if a swayer seeks absolute power, if he acts both as justice and participant in differences, he puts himself in a province of war with his topics. Then he says we have the right to kill such a swayer. Hobbes says that we have no right to arise, because a male monarch can make no wrong.

Private Property and Labor

Timeline Start Essays

Timeline Start Essays Timeline Start Essay Timeline Start Essay Preconquest Twenty thousand years ago, Paleo-Indians crossed into North America from Asia. During the migrations, they divided into distinct groups, often speaking different languages. (Brands, H. W. , 2009) As the Indians dispersed across the North American continent they developed new food sources such as small mammals, fish, nuts and berries. Approximately 5,000 years ago they discovered how to cultivate certain plants and that is when knowledge of maize, squash and beans spread north from central Mexico. Native people living in the southwest acquired cultivation skills long before the bands living along the Atlantic coast. The shift to basic crops profoundly altered Native American societies. This is at times known as the â€Å"Agricultural Revolution. † The Agricultural Revolution also sparked population growth, allowing some groups, such as the Aztec Indians to structure their societies in more complex ways such as build vast cities, structure government bureaucracies, develop written communication through hieroglyphic writing and create an accurate solar calendar. The Eastern Woodland Indians, who lived along the Atlantic coast, had just begun to practice agriculture when the Europeans arrived. 1500-1650 When the British colonization occurred and large numbers of white men and women on the North American continent profoundly altered Native American cultures. Change did not occur at the same rates in all places. Villages on the Atlantic coast under came severe pressure almost immediately whereas groups further inland had more time to adjust. Regardless of where they lived the Indians discovered that conquest strained traditional ways of life, and as daily patterns of experience changed almost beyond recognition, the native people had to create new answers, new responses, and new ways to survive in physical and social environments that eroded tradition. English planters cleared forests and fenced in fields, and in the process, radically altered the ecological systems on which the Indians depended. The once vast and seemingly never ending supply of natural resources inevitable reduced the supply of deer and other animals essential to traditional native cultures. In addition to a change in their ecological system the Native Americans also experienced a change in the economic system. The welcomed in European commerce, but like many consumers before them discovered that the objects they longed for inevitably brought them into debt. In order to pay for the trade good they now had to hunt more aggressively and in doing so reduced their population of fur-bearing mammals even more. The most notable change for the Native Americans came with the â€Å"Columbian Exchange. † This came about when European conquerors exposed the Indians to several new fatal diseases and the Indians introduced the invaders to plants such as potatoes and corn. The Columbian Exchange is something that altered not only the Native Americans but also European history.

Nuclear Weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nuclear Weapons - Essay Example Though the stockpiling of such weapons has been justified by many countries, notably the U.S., as being a deterrent for war, the many negative consequences associated with the use of nuclear weaponry even in a limited capacity has been loudly trumpeted by politicians, scientists, scholars and the majority of the world’s citizens alike. The term ‘limited nuclear war’ is ambiguous at best and considered an oxymoron by some who are confused by the concept of combining ‘nuclear bomb’ and ‘limited use’ together within the same phrase. The guiding principles of force used in a ‘limited war’ can be described as â€Å"the ‘minimum necessary’ and ‘the maximum feasible’† (Brown, 1988: 177). One person’s definition could include a ‘limited’ nuclear strike of a populous city, a clear violation of the moral and ethical standards of most people yet the minority opinion may be the one making that decision. The result could be catastrophic for the victims as well as the region and the collective psyche of the nation who caused the destruction. Germans for example, still have to cope with the national shame of the Holocaust. Military engagements are fraught with imprecise and unpredictable events, seldom precisely regulated. In troducing nuclear weapons escalates the engagement but does nothing to make the situation less volatile thereby only acting to exacerbate an already tense and dangerous conflict. It is unlikely that anyone could provide a reasonable argument demonstrating that using nuclear weapons on any scale could be sustained in a limited form. Nuclear weapons are immensely destructive whether large or small and even restrained use would inflict great harm to people and property. â€Å"Radiation released from each step in the nuclear weapons production cycle causes cancer, congenital defects, mental retardation, immune destruction, cancer,

The Conflict between Profit-Making and Business Ethics Resulting in Essay

The Conflict between Profit-Making and Business Ethics Resulting in the Claims Made within the Article - Essay Example The report claims that by having the Olympic Branded products made within abusive sweatshops it makes a â€Å"mockery† of the claims made by London 2012 organisers that this summer’s Olympics will be the most ethical ever. 1.2- Who is the report intended for? The report is intended for the owner’s of the following six factories, PTShyang Yao Fung, Shyang Yao Fung, PT Parnarub Industry, PT Pancaprima, PT Golden Castle and PT Golden Continental. 1.3- Who asked for it? The Independent conducted the investigation. 1.4- What is the following report aiming to find out? The following report is aiming to examine the conflict between profit-making and business ethics whilst finding out if the claims made by The Independent’s investigation into the alleged sweatshops in Indonesia are making a ‘mockery’ out of the London summer Olympics and whether it is ethical. 2.0- Terms of reference: The report is intended for the owners of the Indonesian factories t o give findings and recommendations following an investigation from The Independent. The investigation was carried out because of claims from London Olympic organisers that ‘’this summer Olympics will be the most ethical ever.’’ 3.0- Procedure. ... 3.5- In total there were eleven people questioned within the article. 4.0- Findings: 4.1 –Indonesian factories have been contracted to produce Olympic branded clothing and shoes for the official sportswear partner of the London Olympics, which is the German company Adidas. These products are to be worn by athletes of Team Gb as well as games volunteers. 4.2 The German company Adidas hopes to make ?100 million pounds from its Olympic products. 4.3 An investigation carried out by The Independent has uncovered wide spread violations of workers rights in Indonesia. 4.4: From the investigation, The Independent has found out that the German company subjects its employees to long working hours, that is, they work for 65 hours which is 25 hours longer than what should be the case for a standard working week. 4.5 The employees of the German company are paid a very low pay and are mostly young females. 4.6 The German company is alleged to subject its employees to physical and verbal abu se and are punished in case they fail to achieve the production targets. 4.7 The Independent also found out that not a single factory among the nine factories of the Germany based company ensures that it pays its workers a living wage. 4.8 The report by the Independent unravelled that the Olympics Organising Committee (Locog) had adopted the base code set by the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) that a living pay should be approximately 20 percent more than the officially recognised minimum wage of a country. 4.9 The investigations also revealed that the employees in the nine factories live in deplorable conditions where they have to skip meals to save money. 4.10 The working conditions have affected the families of the workers where some are separated from

Should animals be use for medical research Annotated Bibliography

Should animals be use for medical research - Annotated Bibliography Example In this book, the author seeks to put forward that even though animals suffer, they have no moral entitlement. The fact that they do not also value their lives, their lives have no intrinsic value which makes it better to use them for experimentation than how we would use human beings. The book helps in opening up the debate and showing where the different perspectives that are posited on this issue. It is therefore an important book to the topic by providing perspectives on both sides of the debate. The article could be useful to the topic on whether animals should be used for medical research. It shows the inhumane treatment of these animals thus showing us how it is important that this process should be put to a halt. The article talks about the latest events in the U.S whereby the use of Chimpanzees in conducting medical tests may be put to a halt. According to this article the â€Å"Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act† that is now in the congress seeks to impose a ban on the invasive research performed on all great apes. This article actually helps to show that trends in the long going debate about the use of animals in medical research are almost being concluded. This article is actually important to this topic because it shows that the world is now coming to accept the fact that animals are not supposed to be used for medical research. While it is recognized that medical research has taken it to greater heights in the tremendous changes it has made in human beings life through creation of drugs and vaccines as well as medical practices, there are people who still feel that it should be stopped. This book helps to understand these controversies and acts as a response to those against the use of animals in

The Pulfrich phenomenon

The Pulfrich phenomenon Introduction What is the Pulfrich Phenomenon? The Pulfrich Phenomenon is a three dimensional illusion where a moving object is seen to move in an anomalous pathway when viewed binocularly with a light attenuating filter placed in front of one eye. This creates the illusion that an object oscillating on a frontal plane appears to follow an elliptical pathway. The most widely accepted theory for this illusion is that reducing the brightness of a stimulus to the retina of one eye causes relatively slower excitation of the photoreceptors (www.suic.edu) and therefore a delayed processing of the image relative to the other eye. (1) This creates a latency difference between the two eyes and as a result, information for two different scenes from each retina arrives at the visual cortex at the same time. Information from one eye will arrive at the cortex milliseconds later than the other. A geometric disparity is registered cortically from the input of the two eyes (7) and this leads to the incorrect perception of the movement and relati ve positions of objects observed by the individual. Many ocular or neurological disorders that affect the visual pathway can produce a delay in signal transmission to the brain, creating a geometric disparity. The illusions created by this geometric disparity produce troublesome symptoms for individuals with a condition and is why many patients experience problems in everyday life as a result of the phenomenon.(5) Who first discovered the Phenomenon? Carl Pulfrich, a physicist with the Zeiss Company, described the phenomenon in 1922. He was not able to observe the effect himself however due to a childhood injury, which left him blind in one eye by 1905. The phenomenon was first noted earlier however by astronomers using stereo-comparators to search for planets.(3) Demonstrating the phenomenon The Pulfrich phenomenon can be observed in a normal individual by binocularly viewing a swinging pendulum bob whilst holding a neutral density filter in front of one eye. The pendulum bob or target used to elicit the phenomenon may take the form of a mechanical or computerized target. The neutral density filter lowers the retinal illumination of the eye it covers, and this creates the difference in signal transmission time between the two eyes. This delay created by a reduction in retinal illumination is supported by several psychophysical and electro-physical investigations.(1)((8,9)) The geometric disparity created by the visual latency difference between the eyes is interpreted by the brain as depth by the binocular disparity detectors.(2) This is why the pendulum bob is perceived to oscillate in an elliptical motion instead of moving along a frontal plane. The perceived direction of the pendulums swing is dependent on which eye the filter is covering; the pendulum appears to rota te clockwise when the filter is placed in front of the left eye and anti-clockwise when it is in front of the right eye. Provoked and Spontaneous Pulfrich Phenomenons When the Pulfrich phenomenon is induced in a normal individual i.e. using neutral density filters, the phenomenon is sometimes called the provoked Pulfrich effect. Since a delay can occur in individuals with ocular or neurological disorders that affect the visual pathway, the Pulfrich effect can occur spontaneously. Such diseases which may result in a spontaneous Pulfrich effect include optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve which can cause swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. Since this myelin sheath helps conduct nerve impulses along its axons faster than non-myelinated axons, its destruction will lead to a slower transmission to the occipital cortex, where the information is processed. Optic neuropathies with bilaterally asymmetrical demyelination are thought to be the most common causes of the Pulfrich Phenomenon and the visual symptoms it is associated with. (website) Systemic conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, a demyelinating d isease were the fatty myelin sheaths around axons are damaged (Miller DH, Leary SM (October 2007). Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis), can lead to many individuals experiencing the Pulfrich Phenomenon. The Pulfrich Phenomenon has also been reported in many other diseases such as unilateral cataract or asymmetrical bilateral cataract. A cataract may reduce retinal illumination or produce retinal blur thus leading to a visual latency in the visual pathway of the affected eye causing the phenomenon in the individual. Anisometropic amblyopia, strabismus, corneal opacity, anisocoria, unilateral mydriasis, Central serous retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration have all been accountable to produce the Pulfrich effect to some extent in an individual. Retinal blur has also been thought to be cause of the effect, most noticeable in smaller targets. Sokol and Moskowitz (cat(13)) showed that a 12 ms increase in the visual latency resulted from a 3 dioptre refractive error.() A spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon is not uncommon and has been found quite frequently in studies with patients with ocular and neurological disorders. It was found in 24 out of 93 patients with recovered optic neuritis, 16 out of 29 patients with uncomplicated unilateral cataract and three out of 70 patients with various strabismus problems.(3) Factors affecting the magnitude of the Phenomenon seen The magnitude of the Pulfrich Phenomenon seen depends on a number of factors with retinal illumination being one of the most significant. The magnitude of Pulfrich effect seen i.e. the depth of the elliptical trajectory, is larger for increasing disparity of retinal illumination between the two eyes. This may occur in a patient with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon, for example when one eye has a much denser cataract than the fellow eye. It may also occur in cases of uniocular mydriasis when anisocoria could be induced. (2) The eye with the larger pupil receives increased retinal illumination than the other eye with a smaller pupil and therefore the phenomenon may be induced. This may also occur when the Pulfrich phenomenon is provoked, i.e. when a neutral density filter covering the eye is increased in depth. Lit ((2)12) has shown that the magnitude of the Pulfrich effect seen, that is the size of the ellipse, is proportional to the density of the filter used. The distance from which a pendulum or similar target is viewed, also has an effect on the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon seen. An increase in the magnitude of the phenomenon can be observed as the distance between the observer and target increases. Target velocity also contributes to the magnitude of the Pulfrich phenomenon. As the target velocity increases, so does the magnitude of the Pulfrich effect seen by the observer, leading to much more noticeable illusions and increased visual symptoms. Symptoms experienced due to the Phenomenon The symptoms expressed by a patient with the Pulfrich phenomenon to a general practitioner or optometrist can be quite strange. Objects appear to move in incorrect pathways when either the observer or the target is in motion.(3) Objects moving up and down however will not demonstrate this effect or lead to symptoms as a result of misjudged distances. These symptoms experienced lead to difficulties in everyday tasks. Tasks such as driving and various ball game activities like football, which require good perception of moving objects, have been found to be more difficult for patients who have the Pulfrich phenomenon. Even the simplest of tasks such as navigating through doorways or pouring a drink have been found to produce an increased level of difficulty for such patients. Several studies have revealed that visual impairment leads to increased car accidents and difficulty driving. Visual perception has a key role in the safe operation of a vehicle, helping prevent driving errors and therefore prevent accidents and fatalities. In order to drive safely, a driver must be able to act and react to the changing environment around him/her. This requires the ability to correctly estimate the relative positions of moving and non-moving objects. Some Patients with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon have complained of oncoming cars apparently swerving across the road towards them. This visual perception could lead to a serious accident and therefore must be treated to help prevent any casualties. Individuals who were later diagnosed with pathologies thought to be the cause of a spontaneous Pulfrich Phenomenon have reported the illusion that whilst driving, oncoming cars appear to swerve across the road towards them. Perception of this would lead to the driver maki ng a sharp turn away to escape what he/she thinks is a certain accident. Forty years ago, a traffic accident was reported which occurred as a result of an induced Pulfrich phenomenon due to unilateral pupillary dilation. (reference) Since then, many investigations have been carried out to learn more about the effect a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon has on driving. It was found that many individuals had problems with judging distances when driving, especially when performing manoeuvres such as reverse parking into a garage.(references) Why is it useful for optometrists to be able to diagnose and treat the Pulfrich phenomenon? Due to troublesome visual symptoms experienced by patients known to have the phenomenon, it is in the interest of both the patient and Optometrist that the Pulfrich effect is diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Various studies have shown that unilateral mydriasis was found to always produce the phenomenon on subjects.(reference) Because of this, it would be important for the Optometrist to warn the patient in advance of dilation, the visual symptoms and difficulty judging distance that can be expected, and also to warn, if possible, the patient should not drive home. It has also been suggested that, because patients with conditions such as cataract and optic neuropathy often demonstrate the Pulfrich phenomenon, an effective test for the Pulfrich phenomenon might be a useful addition to the tests available to Optometrists in primary care practice. The detection of this phenomenon may aid prompt diagnosis of any underlying pathology therefore the correct management and treatment could be initiated without delay. Recognition of this phenomenon could be particularly helpful in the early diagnosis of Retrobulbar neuritis, the most common form of optic neuritis in adults and frequently associated with multiple sclerosis (Jack J Kanski). In retrobulbar neuritis, the optic disc appearance is normal, at least initially, because the optic nerve head is not involved and so early detection is difficult using direct or indirect Ophthalmoscopy. Testing for the Pulfrich phenomenon is the only way to clinically determine if motion stereopsis is normal or not. Visual Evoked Potentials are not useful in analysing how motion stereopsis is affected, as their signals are travel via different visual pathways. VEPs are also not available to primary care optometrists. Standard stereo-tests such as the Frisby stereotest commonly used in Optometric Practice also fail to detect any abnormalities in motion stereopsis. (1) Knowledge and understanding of the Pulfrich would help the O ptometrist appreciate many of the strange symptoms experienced by an individual with the Pulfrich phenomenon and the many kinds of problems faced in daily life by i.e. sports games and traffic situations. The symptoms experienced by a patient with the phenomenon can be quite easily ignored or dismissed if the clinician is unaware of the phenomenon. If optometrists had the appropriate equipment and knowledge to diagnose the Pulfrich phenomenon in everyday practice, they would also be able to treat the phenomenon and its sometimes-disabling effects using simple filtered lenses. This would help reduce or eliminate any of the problems experienced as a result. Patients, that find even the simplest of tasks such as pouring a drink or navigating through doorways, may be enabled to carry out these tasks with ease after treatment. Management and treatment of the phenomenon may also allow patients who retired from driving a vehicle due to the visual difficulties faced with the Pulfrich effect to feel confident in driving again. The unusual symptoms experienced when driving due to the Pulfrich phenomenon, especially the location of moving objects encountered in traffic, could be eliminated with the simple treatment available. How is the Pulfrich phenomenon treated? The symptoms experienced by patients with a spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon can be reduced or eliminated by placing an appropriate neutral density filter or optic tint in front of the unaffected eye. (3) The lens has the effect of reducing retinal illumination of the unaffected eye and therefore creates a delay in signal transmission to the visual cortex, which equals the delay in the affected eye. To choosing a correct filter, the patient is shown a range of filters of varying densities and asked to decide which lens alleviates their symptoms and removes phenomenon. Once the suitable lens filter has been chosen, it may then be worn as spectacles or as a contact lens. Optic tints are preferred to neutral density filters as they are more readily available and cost effective for the patient.(3)The filters used to treat the phenomenon should remain the same without needing to be updated, so long as the underlying pathology remains stationary.() Other Diagnostic methods Doctors and other Healthcare professionals have found many different ways of testing for the phenomenon. The most often suggested method is to swing a pendulum in 5 different pathways in front of a patient. A pendulum is swung in each of the pathways, from A-E. If the right eye is affected, the pathways C and B produce the most marked effect for the patient. The pendulum appears to veer towards the patient as it gets closer on these pathways. Picture from Charles J. M Diaper, 1997 Surv Ophthalmol Another technique used by some medical professionals in detecting the Pulfrich Phenomenon is when the examiner instructs the patient to quickly walk past the examiner whilst trying to brush his/her shoulder on either side. If the effect is present the patients left eye for example as shown in the diagram below, usually the affected eyes side will result in a large gap between the patient and the examiner. Errors in spatial localization result in the misjudgement of the distance between the patient and examiner. The patient can be seen to make a course correction, which can be seen as a rapid lurch away from the examiner. (6) The incorrect distance judgement by the patient is a result of an illusion caused by the Pulfrich phenomenon leading the patient to believe the examiner is closer than what he/she actually is.(3) Note that this gap would only occur on the same side of the affected eye. For example if the patients right eye were affected on the picture left, a large gap would not be observed. What my project is about? In this project we are interested in investigating which tests prove most effective to an Optometrist in detecting the Pulfrich Phenomenon and also what the optimal parameters are for eliciting the Pulfrich effect in visually normal observers. With the ready availability of computerised stimuli for eliciting the Pulfrich effect, this may now be possible in practice. We would like to investigate which of the currently available online versions of the Pulfrich phenomenon stimuli are most successful and sensitive at eliciting the Pulfrich effect. I will also test a range of neutral density filters of varying depths to see which induces the phenomenon best in a group of visually normal adults aged 18-30. I will also be recording the distances at which the subjects were placed in relation to the screen throughout the test to see what effect this may have on detecting the phenomenon on how sensitive the different stimuli were at detecting the Pulfrich phenomenon in the subjects.

Importance of Dean Moriarty in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road Essay

Importance of Dean Moriarty in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road It is Dean Moriarty, in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road, who represents the eternal flame of youth that was adopted by the rebellious youth culture of the Beat Generation. He is free from responsibility, â€Å"simply a youth tremendously excited with life†¦want[ing] so much to live and to get involved with people who would otherwise pay no attention to him† (Kerouac 4). Just as the Greek of the Olympics, â€Å"with [the] torch†¦[that] ignites the pagan dream of immortality† (Rodriguez 1), Dean embodies the almost immortal flame of youth, the eternal â€Å"sideburned hero of the snowy West† (Kerouac 2). As â€Å"He was the BEAT—the root, the soul of Beatific† (Kerouac 195), Dean embodied and still embodies the spirit of the immortal Beat Generation. Post-World War Two, the fifties saw the arrival of â€Å"juvenile delinquents, motorcycles, and leather jackets†¦[and the hipsters, who] adopted an ethic at odds with most Americans, and his values and view of the world soon became the Beats’† (Foster 8). The character of Dean Moriarty is literally and figuratively the firebrand of the invincible youth culture known as the Beat Generation, as he was one of â€Å"a youth tremendously excited with life†¦the holy con-man with the shining mind† (Kerouac 5). The passionate madness of life and rebellious con-man life-styles evinced in the character of Dean Moriarty are symbolic of the generation. Tim Hunt proposes that Sal Paradise, the protagonist or perhaps the conventional man, chooses â€Å"his [Dean’s] romanticized version of Denver slum life†¦[this] represents the New World at its most anarchistic and individualistic apex† (Hunt 39). Because Dean Moriarty holds this carefree and enthusiastic nature of the unconq... ... be immortal himself, his actions and Beat are enduring, that is, living within On the Road eternally. As James Dean became a symbol and inspiration for the Rebel, Dean Moriarty became the literary representation of the rebellious Beat Generation, holding onto that eternal flame—the passionate recklessness, the easygoing charisma that can ultimately found in youth. Works Cited Campbell, James. â€Å"The place of dead roads.† This is the Beat Generation. Los Angeles: U of California Press, 1999. Foster, Edward Halsey. â€Å"Kerouac.† Understanding the Beats. Columbia: U of South Carolina, 1992. Holstad, Scott C. â€Å"Kerouac: A look.† Kerouac’s On The Road and the American Quest. 1999. 04 Jan 2002. Hunt, Tim. â€Å"An American Education.† Kerouac’s Crooked Road. Los Angeles: U of California Press, 1996. Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

Capitalism: A Love Story Essay

In class Ms. Crosdale sat us down to watch a documentary by the great Michael Moore â€Å"Capitalism: A Love Story.† To be quite honestly at first I wasn’t very interested in it until I started to hear little things like people losing their jobs and companies taking out life insurance on their employees unknowingly. I took it upon myself to go home and catch the rest of it on Netflix. After two hours of seeing the evil of capitalism or, as Michael Moore puts it, â€Å"legal greed,† I see myself looking at the world and our government in a different light. I have volunteered plenty of times before in shelters and have heard stories of capitalism taking toll over people’s life and leaving left with absolutely nothing. I also view everyday the mad rush of those who have been captured up in the rat competition for more here in the investment of the capitalist world. One man said in the movie that Wall Street is a â€Å"holy place,† and also implied that capitalism, each person making as much cash as he can, is God-given. Other comments in the movie regarded to capitalism as â€Å"evil.† Who is right? One interesting point that came to mind while watching the documentary was was it was said following Ronald Reagan years where the policies of Don Regan â€Å"turned the bull loose† for free enterprises, corporations gained more political power, unions were weakened, and socioeconomic gaps were widened. Then after it cuts in to speak about coverage of â€Å"dead peasant insurance† policies, where companies such as Wal-Mart have insurance against losses caused when workers or suppliers die. The employee is usually unaware of the policy, and the fact that the company stands to benefit if s/he dies. Apparently the practice of taking out life insurance on valuable, high level employees started a number of years ago. This seemed to make some sense, since a company stood to lose money from the untimely deaths of key personnel. But somehow, in recent years, facilitated by deregulation, this practice morphed into taking out policies on low- paid, easily replaced workers, i.e., peasants. Why? Windfall profits. It turns out that companies like Bank of America, WalMart, AT&T, Procter & Gamble, Dow Chemical, and others have found a way to make windfall profits off the deaths of employees! These dead peasant policies are also known to insiders as E. COLI â€Å"Employee Company Owned Life Insurance.† Funny? More like outrageous! Sometimes the company even gets the huge pay out when a former employee dies, because leaving the company doesn’t void the policy. The movie shows a parody of what would occur if God was a capitalist who desired to â€Å"maximize earnings,† â€Å"deregulate the financial market,† and desired the sick to â€Å"pay out of pocket† for their â€Å"pre-existing condition† , in comparison with several information commentators who announce the achievements of various capitalist businesses as being a â€Å"blessing from God.† The dictionary defines capitalism as â€Å"an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market.† While the Bible doesn’t mention capitalism by name, it does speak a great deal about economic issues. In my opinion, every thinking U.S. citizen should see this movie and take time out to think about the country that we are living in. Why? Very simply, because it will prick your conscience. On one level, it’s classic Moore, with indirect and subliminal humor, mockery (especially toward self-important people), understated exaggeration, and the clever use of people’s own words to incriminate themselves. But in over all, every point Moore makes is painfully true, and in this film more than in his previous ones, you feel the heart of a man who has compassion for the demoralized.

friday the 13th pt2 essays

friday the 13th pt2 essays Shane Gladstone Film Criticism Is Friday the 13th Part 2 typical of the slasher movie formula as laid out by Vera Dika? After having read Vera Dikas text Games of Terror (Dika, 1990) and watched the film in question Friday the 13th Part 2 (Steve Miner, US 1980) it was clear to me from the outset that there are parallels to be drawn between the two. Throughout this essay it is my intention to re-evaluate Dikas theories in relation to the chosen text and come to my own natural conclusions as to whether it qualifies as a strong example of the stalker genre or not. I will do this initially by re-reading the text and picking out the sections of it that relate the strongest to scenes in the film, once these have been chosen I will then concentrate on these scenes and texts in particular as examples of my methodology. I have done this by focusing on the typical stalker cliches presented to the viewer in the opening scene and the general use of space and setting throughout the narrative. The discussion of the typical stalker scene, setting, characterisation and plot structure. Friday the 13th Part 2 (Steve Miner, US 1981) opens with a lurking point of view shot of the killer (Jason Voorhees) watching the child of Alice (Adrienne King, heroine of the original movie Friday the 13th (Sean S Cunningham, US 1980) walk home alone in the rain while singing to himself a childrens song. This song (singin in the rain) signifies happiness and innocence, as a counter reaction to the song the soundtrack music playing in the background is dark, atmospheric and chilling. The setting in which they are located is suburban and typically American however the dark and the rain of the weather give the scene an almost gothic feel and the viewer feels that the child is exposed and open to attack. Moving inside the house the next shot depicts Alice laid on her bed in the middle of a nightmar...

The 3 Stages of a Spiders Life Cycle

The 3 Stages of a Spider's Life Cycle All spiders, from the tiniest jumping spider to the largest tarantula, have the same general life cycle. They mature in three stages: egg, spiderling, and adult. Though the details of each stage vary from one species to another, they are all very similar. The spider mating ritual also varies and males must approach a female carefully or he may be mistaken for prey. Even after mating, many male spiders will die though the female is very independent and will care for her eggs on her own. Despite the rumors, the majority of female spiders do not eat their mates. Egg, the Embryonic Stage After mating, female spiders store sperm until they are ready to produce eggs. The mother spider first constructs an egg sac from strong silk that is tough enough to protect her developing offspring from the elements. She then deposits her eggs inside it, fertilizing them as they emerge. A single egg sac may contain just a few eggs, or several hundred, depending on the species. Spider eggs generally take a few weeks to hatch. Some spiders in temperate regions will overwinter in the egg sac and emerge in spring. In many spider species, the mother guards the egg sac from predators until the young hatch. Other species will place the sac in a secure location and leave the eggs to their own fate. Wolf spider mothers carry the egg sac with them. When theyre ready to hatch, they will bite the sac open and free the spiderlings. Also unique to this species, the young spend as many as ten days hanging onto their mothers back. Spiderling, the Immature Stage Immature spiders, called spiderlings, resemble their parents but are considerably smaller when they first hatch from the egg sac. They immediately disperse, some by walking and others by a behavior called ballooning. Spiderlings that disperse by ballooning will climb onto a twig or other projecting object and raise their abdomens. They release threads of silk from their spinnerets, letting the silk catch the wind and carry them away. While most spiderlings travel short distances this way, some can be carried to remarkable heights and across long distances.   The spiderlings will molt repeatedly as they grow larger and theyre very vulnerable until the new exoskeleton forms completely. Most species reach adulthood after five to 10 molts. In some species, the male spiders will be fully mature as they exit the sac. Female spiders are always larger than males, so often take more time to mature. Adult, the Sexually Mature Stage When the spider reaches adulthood, it is ready to mate and begin the life cycle all over again. In general, female spiders live longer than males; males often die after mating. Spiders usually live just one to two years, though this does vary by species. Tarantulas have unusually long life spans. Some female tarantulas live 20 years or more. Tarantulas also continue molting after reaching adulthood. If the female tarantula molts after mating, she will need to mate again, because she sheds the sperm storage structure along with her exoskeleton. Resources and Further Reading Cranshaw, Whitney, and Richard Redak. Bugs Rule!: An Introduction to the World of Insects. Princeton University, 2013.Evans, Arthur V. National Wildlife Federation: Field Guide to Insects and Spiders of North America. Sterling, 2007.Savransky, Nina, and Jennifer Suhd-Brondstatter. â€Å"Spiders: An Electronic Field Guide.† Field Biology, Brandeis University, 2006.

Is capital punishment still a relevant form of punishment in today's Essay

Is capital punishment still a relevant form of punishment in today's society - Essay Example By contrast, the abolitionists see the impact of executions as a statement of pervasive importance about the relationship between the government and the individual. (James, 33-40) Abolitionists in the United States view capital punishment as a fundamental political issue; proponents usually assert that the question is neither fundamental nor political. As far as the question of relevance of capital punishment still as a form of punishment in today's society is concerned, it is simply refutable. Though there are many people who support capital punishment, yet they are few and they have not strong justifications to present in its favor. On the other hand, the civilized world has a firm stand and argumentative rebuttal of capital punishment in the contemporary era. While this is just one way in which the disputants talk past each other in the capital punishment debate, this particular disagreement helps to explain other aspects of the capital punishment dispute. ... National government and constitutional values have little direct influence on most punishment decisions. If the availability of death as a criminal punishment were a garden-variety choice of punishment option, state and local power over them would be consistent with an important American tradition. If, on the other hand, one regards capital punishment as a fundamental moral and political question, the national government and constitutional values are the appropriate vehicles for decisions. (Jan, 110-12) The Flaws in Implementation of Capital Punishment The proper way of characterizing the capital punishment may be an important question but it is not a difficult one. Our history, the recent history of other developed nations, and even the importance that the proponents of the penalty attach to it are powerful evidence that the capital punishment is an issue of transcendent importance, one that is principally moral and political. (Zimring, 78-82) There are certain reservations from some corners of public discussions as regards to the unreliable evidences that caused capital punishment but consequently proved false. It is hard to believe how prosecutors can admit evidence from unreliable sources. In some cases witnesses have later recanted or disavowed their testimonies claiming that they had only made their statements under pressure or coercion from prosecution and law enforcement. These false testimonies proved to be the condemning evidence in many cases. Lastly, most of the people charged in capital cases cannot afford defense attorneys. The appointed defense counsels in several cases have exhibited incompetence. Some of them did not even look for or missed important evidence that proved the innocence of their clients.

Financial Analysis of Capital Structure Term Paper

Financial Analysis of Capital Structure - Term Paper Example The decision regarding finding the optimum mix of equity and debt capital depends on capital spending, expected returns, optimum levels of debt, liquidity, cash levels, interest rates and risks, and dividend policy (Mallicoat, 2011). The following is a snapshot of the possible Capital Structures that Competition Bikes Inc. could acquire while expanding to Canada. The following were the alternatives available while choosing the right Capital Structure mix: 1. Capital Structure consisting only of bonds 2. A capital structure consisting of only stocks, with 50% preferred and 50% Common Stock 3. With 20% bonds and 80% common stock 4. Capital Structure consisting of bonds of 40% and Common Stock 60% EPS (Earning Per Share) is the portion of company’s profit that is allocated to each share of the common stock. It is the most important measure or figure for any shareholder. However, we would analyze the capital structure not only according to the EPS but also analyze the risk inheren t in the capital structure. The first alternative of the capital structure comprising only of bonds would allow the company to borrow capital at an interest rate that is lower than the interest rate for other types of borrowing. Bonds are written promises to pay back specific amount at a certain date and some interest payments at specific rates. They are pretty similar to the conventional loans with a few perks. Debt financing is favorable than equity financing as interest expense is tax deductible. However, one problem with this form of capital structure is that it is more risky as corporations are required to make interest payment even when they are not making profits making them vulnerable to bankruptcy and solvency (Brown, 2006). The EPS of this capital structure is also lowest at -0.042 under the current scenario. Hence, having the capital structure completely rely on bonds is a very risky option, specifically for Competition Bikes Inc. when they are expanding and exploring new opportunities. The second alternative is of 50% preferred stock and 50% common stock. Preferred stock offer dividend incentive to the shareholder as they are second in line to be paid after the bond holders when a company is facing a loss making them more risky than the common stock. Common stocks are favorable for companies with good financial health. However, the risk of losing ownership is inherent in common stocks as stock holders have the right to elect the board of directors. Moreover, equity financing is more expensive than debt financing and it is not feasible for a capital structure to be totally based on it (Other ways of raising capital – stocks and bonds, 2011). Therefore, the Capital Structure must include both debt and equity financing. All the third, fourth and fifth alternatives are mix of equity and debt financing. We need to find the right kind of mix between equity and debt. As debt is more risky and equity is more expensive and the objective of the compan y’s capital structure is to maximize shareholder return, we can decide on the basis of Earning per Share (EPS). EPS is the earning of each outstanding share. An important aspect of EPS is the capital required to generate the income used in the calculation of EPS. As all our Capital Structure alternatives use the same amount of capital, we can decide on the basic of the highest value of EPS while keeping the risk factor under check. Since Competition Bikes Inc. is expanding in Canada, they need time before they can start making large

Restaurant Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Restaurant Review - Essay Example The dress code is official with gentlemen advised to wear a coat, no jeans or slip-on shoes and ladies are also encouraged to dress appropriately. The moment you step into Acquerello all your senses are ignited. The setting is impeccable consisting of white clothed tables with centered unique rose flower decoration surrounded by artistic wood chairs. The ambience is enhanced by warm colored stucco walls and the yellow- golden lighting that gives you a comfortable romantic feel. A former chapel, the restaurant has a dark wood open beam cathedral ceiling with a sixty seat capacity that is spacious and provides privacy (Bauer 58). The restaurant members of staff are very professional, providing exemplary service that makes you feel well cared for and special. The charming waiters are impeccably dressed. They patiently wait as you give the order writing down every single specification you may have and with a slight head bow rush to place the order in quick, agile yet gracious steps. Giancarlo Partelini and Executive chef Suzette Greshman the operators of the restaurant seems to give quality service all the seriousness it deserves and can be seen serving the customers and chatting with them to ensure satisfaction. The operators of the restaurant have succeeded in their vision of making Acquerello a place to find unforgettable seamless service over the past twenty years. The wine team led by Giancarlo Partelini, the wine director, comprises of wine experts/ sommeliers that are dedicated to giving you a totally enjoyable experience. The wine collection is made of carefully chosen wide range of both vintage and modern wine. My favorite being Italian red wine made from Nebbiolo grapes from a region called Piemonte in Italy. The sommelier also provided us with an envelope giving more details about the wine and where it could be bought in San Francisco which was most thoughtful of him. The prices are twenty five dollars for a three hundred

Scientific Method activity Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method activity Essay Complete the Scientific Method activity on the student website. Write a 350 word paper on the scientific method. Include the following: Describe how you applied the steps of the scientific method in the activity. Describe a real-life problem where you have or could have used the scientific method. Include the steps involved in solving the problem. I completed both the tomato growing and the car starting exercises. I first identified the problem. The tomato plants were not producing as many tomatoes as they had in the past, the car would not start. I then questioned why the plants were not producing and why the car would not start. I looked at my options for the tomato plants. First I thought that the plants needed more water. I tried this theory and was wrong. I went back to my options on how to solve the problem. Next I thought maybe the soil needed more nutrients. Once again I was wrong. Last, I tried the hypothesis of the plants needing more sun, and placed the tomato plants in a green house. This experiment worked and the plants began producing more tomatoes. With the car I had options of car battery or fluids. I tried the car battery thinking that the cables may be loose. I was wrong. I tired changing the spark plugs and fuses. I was wrong. I went back to the car battery and tried a charge. Once again I was wrong. With my only option now being the fluid I tried adding gasoline to the car and the car started. Through both experiments I observed the problem, questioned it, came up with one hypothesis, made a prediction, tired an experiment, came up with results and when I found my hypothesis was incorrect I came up with another and proceeded through the steps until my experiment was successful. Each time we do an experiment we get results. When our results aren’t working to our benefit we have to rethink. A new hypothesis must be made with the prediction of correct results. In both cases with the tomatoes and the car we learn from trial and error. A real life situation where I could have used the scientific method is for example; my stomach hurts. I have observed the situation. Why does my stomach hurt? Hypothesis – I have not been getting all of my daily nutrients. Prediction- My stomach hurts because I have not been eating right. Experiment- I try eating daily recommended servings of grains,  protein, veggies, fruits and milk products. Result- My stomach no longer hurts. I deal with this regularly because I do not eat right. I toy with eating different things, adding or taking away from my daily diet. I use the scientific method on a daily basis.

Zionism :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you know the moral to the story of the tortoise and the hare? Is it slow and steady wins the race? Or is it that cockiness gets you nowhere? They are both correct but this is a good example of how a children’s fable, like interpretations of the bible, can easily be different from one another. Interpretations of the bible vary and occasionally get the message wrong, but this variation can be attributed differences of opinion in interpretation. Whether motivated by politics, social presuppositions, or theological differences the variation can paint a contrasting picture of Biblical information. Time plays a very large part in the variations of Biblical interpretation. The interpretation according to the rabbinic midrash is very different than interpretations according to modern Zionism or for that matter modern Feminism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classic midrash served an important purpose for the authors of the Torah. It allowed them to create a way to make the Torah an intimate part of the lives of Jews. The result of transforming Biblical stories in to more compelling and interesting stories gave the writers of the Torah a way to connect with the Jewish people on a more personal level. The writers of the Torah realized that the Jewish people could connect with the Biblical stories more if they could relate the stories to everyday life. What the authors of the Torah failed to realize is that by transforming the stories, they had now added the opinions and beliefs of the time into their stories. This is the cause for many revisions to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rabbis during the seventh and eighth centuries developed a distinct branch of Jewish mysticism. The Kabala interprets the Scriptures as an esoteric manner, and seeks answers to the divine mysteries. Kabala required intense meditation and preparatory rites that lead to a mystical union with God. The presiding factor at hand is the idea of faith. It is faith in the experience is what allowed the rabbis to interpret the Scripture. Here again we see and example of the ways in which Biblical information is interpreted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Zionist movement brought with it the desire to create a national identity for the Jewish people. In order to accomplish this Herzl thought that Jewish people should move to an area where they could escape the anti-Semitism in Germany. The basis for ideals of Zionism is to establish a national identity for the Jewish community.

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay

Understanding the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context P1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract There are several important elements in order to form a valid contract. 1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must be a ‘lawfull offer ‘ by one party and ‘lawfull acceptance’ of the same by the other party 2. Intention to Create Legal Relationship- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations .Case ; Balfour vs Balfour (1919) 3. Lowfull Consideration. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone † Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another † in other words of Pollock† Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.consideration is known as quid pro-quo or something in return 4. Capacity of Parties ;The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the following persons are incopetent to contract ; a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject 5. Lawfull Object.; The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house 6. Legal formailities ; An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc 7. Certainity of Meaning; Acourding to Section 29; Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or capable of being made certain are avoid 8. Posibility of Performance; If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if cannot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceable P1.2. Discuss the impact of different types of contract A contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts may be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A bilateral contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral contract. The buyer promises to purchase the product and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the product P1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide any disputes about the operation of the agreement can be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court can ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade custom or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agreed between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a number of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated damages clauses and price variati on clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated damages clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays down the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, represent addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The most common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979. Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1. Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for bids by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is completed by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to hold it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance but it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and Harry, Miss Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefore, even though the offer was expre ssed to be open until after lunch break, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contract. A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offeror’s promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasn’t any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of  £1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action to  Harry for not selling the fountain pen to her. Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and Murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money ( £50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay  £50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the job to be done in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer that he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy can’t make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy. P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contracts A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a â€Å"take it or leave it† position. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be included by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite clear about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a life cover with a minimum of  £7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipu lated in the contract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate individual terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfil  an important efficiency role in the mass distribution of goods and services. These contracts have the potential to reduce transaction costs by eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the transaction were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine print. These contracts are typically drafted by corporate lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place. The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or â€Å"shopped† terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for accident protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even see these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014). P2.3. Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant ( £25000) and the working hours, witch in this case are â€Å"whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her†. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in fact requires the employer to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y can  appeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for asserting the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011). Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can claim compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical treatment for depression due to the employment environment. Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities P3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability Tort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting one’s tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect one’s pe rsonal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation. For example, a building contractor signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages – profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractual  liability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets owned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligence Liability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that: â€Å"the defendant owed him a legal duty of care; the defendant was in breach of their duty; and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach†. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011:348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v Stone (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if this damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982). P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liable Employers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or omission on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors or  workers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had overall responsibility that could not be delegated. For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of ‘control’. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be conducted will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord Justice May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited & Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employer could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014). Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations P4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of careless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safety precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of care  because the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen. On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim â€Å"res ipsa loquitur†, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to play are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendant’s control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell while he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because firstly he supposed to protect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut. The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as â€Å"associated parties† in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge breach their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as well by the court. References: 1. Business Law, Available at: http://pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, [Accessed on 12.03.2014]; 2. Riches, S.& Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson: London; 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at: http://faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, [Accessed on 15.03.2014]; 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at : http://www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm; [Accessed on 13.03.2014];