Restaurant Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Restaurant Review - Essay Example The dress code is official with gentlemen advised to wear a coat, no jeans or slip-on shoes and ladies are also encouraged to dress appropriately. The moment you step into Acquerello all your senses are ignited. The setting is impeccable consisting of white clothed tables with centered unique rose flower decoration surrounded by artistic wood chairs. The ambience is enhanced by warm colored stucco walls and the yellow- golden lighting that gives you a comfortable romantic feel. A former chapel, the restaurant has a dark wood open beam cathedral ceiling with a sixty seat capacity that is spacious and provides privacy (Bauer 58). The restaurant members of staff are very professional, providing exemplary service that makes you feel well cared for and special. The charming waiters are impeccably dressed. They patiently wait as you give the order writing down every single specification you may have and with a slight head bow rush to place the order in quick, agile yet gracious steps. Giancarlo Partelini and Executive chef Suzette Greshman the operators of the restaurant seems to give quality service all the seriousness it deserves and can be seen serving the customers and chatting with them to ensure satisfaction. The operators of the restaurant have succeeded in their vision of making Acquerello a place to find unforgettable seamless service over the past twenty years. The wine team led by Giancarlo Partelini, the wine director, comprises of wine experts/ sommeliers that are dedicated to giving you a totally enjoyable experience. The wine collection is made of carefully chosen wide range of both vintage and modern wine. My favorite being Italian red wine made from Nebbiolo grapes from a region called Piemonte in Italy. The sommelier also provided us with an envelope giving more details about the wine and where it could be bought in San Francisco which was most thoughtful of him. The prices are twenty five dollars for a three hundred

Scientific Method activity Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method activity Essay Complete the Scientific Method activity on the student website. Write a 350 word paper on the scientific method. Include the following: Describe how you applied the steps of the scientific method in the activity. Describe a real-life problem where you have or could have used the scientific method. Include the steps involved in solving the problem. I completed both the tomato growing and the car starting exercises. I first identified the problem. The tomato plants were not producing as many tomatoes as they had in the past, the car would not start. I then questioned why the plants were not producing and why the car would not start. I looked at my options for the tomato plants. First I thought that the plants needed more water. I tried this theory and was wrong. I went back to my options on how to solve the problem. Next I thought maybe the soil needed more nutrients. Once again I was wrong. Last, I tried the hypothesis of the plants needing more sun, and placed the tomato plants in a green house. This experiment worked and the plants began producing more tomatoes. With the car I had options of car battery or fluids. I tried the car battery thinking that the cables may be loose. I was wrong. I tired changing the spark plugs and fuses. I was wrong. I went back to the car battery and tried a charge. Once again I was wrong. With my only option now being the fluid I tried adding gasoline to the car and the car started. Through both experiments I observed the problem, questioned it, came up with one hypothesis, made a prediction, tired an experiment, came up with results and when I found my hypothesis was incorrect I came up with another and proceeded through the steps until my experiment was successful. Each time we do an experiment we get results. When our results aren’t working to our benefit we have to rethink. A new hypothesis must be made with the prediction of correct results. In both cases with the tomatoes and the car we learn from trial and error. A real life situation where I could have used the scientific method is for example; my stomach hurts. I have observed the situation. Why does my stomach hurt? Hypothesis – I have not been getting all of my daily nutrients. Prediction- My stomach hurts because I have not been eating right. Experiment- I try eating daily recommended servings of grains,  protein, veggies, fruits and milk products. Result- My stomach no longer hurts. I deal with this regularly because I do not eat right. I toy with eating different things, adding or taking away from my daily diet. I use the scientific method on a daily basis.

Zionism :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you know the moral to the story of the tortoise and the hare? Is it slow and steady wins the race? Or is it that cockiness gets you nowhere? They are both correct but this is a good example of how a children’s fable, like interpretations of the bible, can easily be different from one another. Interpretations of the bible vary and occasionally get the message wrong, but this variation can be attributed differences of opinion in interpretation. Whether motivated by politics, social presuppositions, or theological differences the variation can paint a contrasting picture of Biblical information. Time plays a very large part in the variations of Biblical interpretation. The interpretation according to the rabbinic midrash is very different than interpretations according to modern Zionism or for that matter modern Feminism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classic midrash served an important purpose for the authors of the Torah. It allowed them to create a way to make the Torah an intimate part of the lives of Jews. The result of transforming Biblical stories in to more compelling and interesting stories gave the writers of the Torah a way to connect with the Jewish people on a more personal level. The writers of the Torah realized that the Jewish people could connect with the Biblical stories more if they could relate the stories to everyday life. What the authors of the Torah failed to realize is that by transforming the stories, they had now added the opinions and beliefs of the time into their stories. This is the cause for many revisions to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rabbis during the seventh and eighth centuries developed a distinct branch of Jewish mysticism. The Kabala interprets the Scriptures as an esoteric manner, and seeks answers to the divine mysteries. Kabala required intense meditation and preparatory rites that lead to a mystical union with God. The presiding factor at hand is the idea of faith. It is faith in the experience is what allowed the rabbis to interpret the Scripture. Here again we see and example of the ways in which Biblical information is interpreted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Zionist movement brought with it the desire to create a national identity for the Jewish people. In order to accomplish this Herzl thought that Jewish people should move to an area where they could escape the anti-Semitism in Germany. The basis for ideals of Zionism is to establish a national identity for the Jewish community.

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay

Understanding the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context P1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract There are several important elements in order to form a valid contract. 1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must be a ‘lawfull offer ‘ by one party and ‘lawfull acceptance’ of the same by the other party 2. Intention to Create Legal Relationship- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations .Case ; Balfour vs Balfour (1919) 3. Lowfull Consideration. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone † Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another † in other words of Pollock† Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.consideration is known as quid pro-quo or something in return 4. Capacity of Parties ;The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the following persons are incopetent to contract ; a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject 5. Lawfull Object.; The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house 6. Legal formailities ; An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc 7. Certainity of Meaning; Acourding to Section 29; Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or capable of being made certain are avoid 8. Posibility of Performance; If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if cannot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceable P1.2. Discuss the impact of different types of contract A contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts may be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A bilateral contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral contract. The buyer promises to purchase the product and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the product P1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide any disputes about the operation of the agreement can be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court can ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade custom or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agreed between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a number of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated damages clauses and price variati on clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated damages clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays down the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, represent addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The most common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979. Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1. Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for bids by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is completed by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to hold it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance but it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and Harry, Miss Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefore, even though the offer was expre ssed to be open until after lunch break, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contract. A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offeror’s promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasn’t any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of  £1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action to  Harry for not selling the fountain pen to her. Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and Murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money ( £50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay  £50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the job to be done in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer that he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy can’t make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy. P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contracts A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a â€Å"take it or leave it† position. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be included by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite clear about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a life cover with a minimum of  £7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipu lated in the contract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate individual terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfil  an important efficiency role in the mass distribution of goods and services. These contracts have the potential to reduce transaction costs by eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the transaction were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine print. These contracts are typically drafted by corporate lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place. The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or â€Å"shopped† terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for accident protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even see these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014). P2.3. Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant ( £25000) and the working hours, witch in this case are â€Å"whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her†. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in fact requires the employer to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y can  appeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for asserting the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011). Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can claim compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical treatment for depression due to the employment environment. Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities P3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability Tort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting one’s tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect one’s pe rsonal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation. For example, a building contractor signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages – profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractual  liability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets owned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligence Liability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that: â€Å"the defendant owed him a legal duty of care; the defendant was in breach of their duty; and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach†. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011:348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v Stone (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if this damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982). P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liable Employers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or omission on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors or  workers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had overall responsibility that could not be delegated. For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of ‘control’. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be conducted will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord Justice May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited & Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employer could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014). Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations P4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of careless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safety precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of care  because the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen. On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim â€Å"res ipsa loquitur†, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to play are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendant’s control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell while he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because firstly he supposed to protect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut. The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as â€Å"associated parties† in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge breach their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as well by the court. References: 1. Business Law, Available at: http://pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, [Accessed on 12.03.2014]; 2. Riches, S.& Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson: London; 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at: http://faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, [Accessed on 15.03.2014]; 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at : http://www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm; [Accessed on 13.03.2014];

Different reasons people communicate Essay

In general, human beings like to live with other human beings. Most of us are sociable creatures who want to reach out to other people around us. Very few humans lead completely solitary lives. People also communicate for specific reasons; in order to express Emotions such as: †¢ Fear †¢ Anger †¢ Pain †¢ Joy †¢ Love. People want to get views, wishes and information across to others for all kinds of reasons. Sometimes this can be essential – even life saving in the case of a warning. It can be vital to make a person’s quality of life Better if they are communicating that they are in pain or it can be to make Emotional contact with others to express feelings. People live and communicate within a range of different groups and Communities, including: †¢ Families †¢ Neighborhoods †¢ Workplaces †¢ Schools and colleges. The nature of communication is very different dependent on the Circumstances. Some communications are personal and very intimate; these are usually with people to whom we are very close. Other communications are for a wider audience and are aimed at groups of people. Communication can be formal, such as in a courtroom setting, or informal, such as friends chatting. 2†¦ Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. Effective communication is a two-way process – sending the right message that is also being correctly received and understood by the other person/s. It is essential that there is good and effective communication taking place within the work setting. Daily tasks will only be successful with smooth transfers of information. In order for me to develop within my role, there must be effective communication between the children and myself. This will help keep positive morale and improve the quality of work. People that do not feel as if they have good communication with their carers may not be as efficient with their work. Effective communication skills are also needed to encourage staff and myself to talk about what we are feeling, to say what we think or to express our needs, concerns, wishes or preferences. Positive verbal and non-verbal communication skills, such as being friendly, smiling and shaking hands when greeting parents and staff, are required on a daily basis. Effective communication can help promote and create a positive working environment. Without communication the world would be a lonely place and communication is particularly important in the work setting as it can affect the relationships you build. Team communication is important as it is important to keep everyone in the group knowledgeable about what is going on within that group. As I would be communicating with parents, colleagues, children and other professionals (i.e. health visitors, speech and language therapists, social workers, other schools, Police and other governing bodies) it is important that everybody is provided the information they need. Communication is vital to establishing effective relationships in the work setting. It would allow you to expect support from your colleagues and to provide them with the necessary support in times of stress and difficulty.re and am there to support the children. 3†¦ describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Verbal communication: Tone and pitch of your voice, does it suit the situation or topic? A louder more direct communication maybe required if trying to get the attention of a group of children to come back inside. However this would not be suitable in a situation whereby a child is upset say for example if they have wet themselves and are embarrassed, this would need a quieter and understanding tone to reassure them. Use of language is important, when talking to children you need to keep things simpler than if you were talking to an adult, however if you talking to an adult using very simple instructions this may be deemed as patronizing. So it is important to choose your language carefully. The speed in which you talk is also key. When talking to children I tend to get down to their level and talk to them at a relatively slow speed, this way they are more likely to understand me more than if I was walking round above them talking as though I would talk to adults. Non-verbal communication: Facial and hand gestures, again this needs to be tailored to the situation or topic. In the example above, a smile and perhaps a hand on their shoulder is sufficient to the situation. Whereby frowning and waving arms as if annoyed would be detrimental to the feelings of the child. Eye contact is an important factor as this engages the audience, keeping them focused on what you are discussing. By making eye contact you are directing your conversation at that specific person, demonstrating that you are devoting your time and are not able to be distracted as if you would by looking around. Body language plays an important part, for example folded arms can indicate you are being defensive or not open to suggestions, whereas slouching, hands on hips, rolling of eyes and huffing can seem rude and disrespectful. 4†¦ Be able to overcome barriers to communication. Identifying communication needs: use of personal histories; involvement of the individual; involvement of family, friends and carers Barriers to communication: environmental eg: seating, lighting, external noise, situation of the setting; emotional issues eg: shyness, low self-esteem; social; psychological eg: mental ill health, results of abuse, neglect; sensory, hearing and sight impairment; speech and language barriers following strokes; cerebral palsy; cultural eg: related to gender, inappropriate use of gestures; English as an additional language. Promotion of communication: use of preferred language including British Sign Language; use of human aids, interpreters, translators; use of technological aids, hearing aids, induction loops, Braille software; cultural awareness; active listening skills; the need to give individuals time to respond; speech and language therapy Language proficiency affects every aspect of a person’s life. Lack of fluency in English has a major impact on people’s ability to get information. A social hierarchy exists in most cultures, which can create issues in workplace communications. For instance, men from some cultural backgrounds may not adapt easily to working equally with women. Understanding the relationship between the sexes and the roles assigned in various cultures will give you an insight into how customers from particular cultural groups might respond in an Australian environment. Differences in non-verbal behavior Cultural differences in non-verbal behaviors are a common source of misunderstandings and conflict in the workplace. For instance, many westerners like to make eye contact, interpreting it as an indication of interest and honesty. They also show friendliness through relaxed body language. If these behaviors do not happen, it can be interpreted as shiftiness, coldness and disinterest. However, in some cultures, averted eyes and non-demonstrable behavior are. a sign of courtesy and respect. Being aware of these Nuances will help you to reduce negative impressions in inter-cultural communications among co-workers and customers. Personal space People from different cultural backgrounds may have different ‘comfort zones’ — some Like more distance between themselves and others, some like to be closer. Responses to authority Attitudes to authority vary markedly between cultures and exert a distinct effect on workplace behaviors. Religion In many cultures, religion dominates life in a way that for strongly secular workplaces may be difficult to understand. These differences need to be respected and the needs associated with religious commitments understood and sensitively negotiated within the workplace. Clear communication on both sides about these issues is to be encouraged. Personal appearance Grooming, dietary and eating habits and dress varies in different cultures. Some people within their community may choose to wear their national dress or religious garments. Keep in mind that attitudes and communicative behaviors are not neutral but strongly conditioned by cultural values. As a simple example, if you say to a customer, ‘Please sign here’, you expect them to know that you want them to pick up the pen and sign exactly where you have indicated. But, if you think about it, you are assuming that the person: _ can hear you _ speaks the English language _ knows how to use a pen _ knows where they need to sign _ knew what a signature was _ understands what they are signing for _ If the person didn’t hear you, didn’t speak English, did not have a signature, didn’t know how to use the pen, did not understand where they needed to sign, or did not know what they were signing for the communication will not be successful. 1. Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/ or interpret communication methods in different ways Language proficiency affects every aspect of a person’s life. Lack of fluency in English has a major impact on people’s ability to get information. Therefore communication skills training is a critical career development to help the children/ young people understand. Roles and status A social hierarchy exists in most cultures, which can create issues in workplace communications. For instance, men from some cultural backgrounds may not adapt easily to working equally with women. Understanding the relationship between the sexes and the roles assigned in various cultures will give you an insight into how customers from particular cultural groups might respond in an Australian environment. Differences in non-verbal behavior Cultural differences in non-verbal behaviors are a common source of misunderstandings and conflict in the workplace. For instance, many westerners like to make eye contact, interpreting it as an indication of interest and honesty. They also show friendliness through relaxed body language. If these behaviors do not happen, it can be interpreted as shiftiness, coldness and disinterest. However, in some cultures, averted eyes and non-demonstrable behavior are a sign of courtesy and respect. Being aware of these Nuances will help you to reduce negative impressions in inter-cultural communications among co-workers and customers. Personal space People from different cultural backgrounds may have different ‘comfort zones’ — some Like more distance between themselves and others, some like to be closer. Responses to authority Attitudes to authority vary markedly between cultures and exert a distinct effect on workplace behaviors.Religion in many cultures, religion dominates life in a way that for strongly secular workplaces may be difficult to understand. These differences need to be respected and the needs associated with religious commitments understood and sensitively negotiated within the workplace. Clear communication on both sides about these issues is to be encouraged. Personal appearance Grooming, dietary and eating habits and dress varies in different cultures. Some people within the Australian community may choose to wear their national dress or religious garments. Keep in mind that attitudes and communicative behaviors are not neutral but strongly conditioned by cultural values. As a simple example, if you say to a customer, ‘Please sign here’, you expect them to know that you want them to pick up the pen and sign exactly where you have indicated. But, if you think about it, you are assuming that the person: can hear you, speaks the English language, knows how to use a pen, knows where they need to sign, knew what a signature was, understands what they are signing for If the person didn’t hear you, didn’t speak English, did not have a signature, didn’t know how to use the pen, did not understand where they needed to sign, or did not know what they were signing for the communication will not be successful. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between â€Å"listening† and â€Å"hearing†. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.   Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication. ï‚ · Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively. A solution to the barriers is emotional intelligence which can be mastered and lead to better relationships. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand others and work with them. There are five characteristics of emotional intelligence. Being self-aware is the most important. It is the ability to distance oneself from their emotions so that they can look at the emotion without becoming overwhelmed or reacting to it too quickly. This piece of intelligence would help a person who is struggling with stereotyping. If the person knows that every time they see and African American person they become nervous because they believe they are all aggressive, they can take a step back and look at where that emotion came from. Once they have identified the source, they may be able to isolate the emotion and try to move past is by realizing that it is an irrational fear. There is an equal chance that a Caucasian or African American person is aggressive. The second characteristic is the ability to manage emotions which means expressing them in a way that is appropriate for the setting). Once a person has become aware of the emotion, they can come up with a way to handle the emotion. The person who gets nervous around African Americans may be able to look at where they are. If they are at a dinner party at a friend’s house and the African American friend of the friend shows up, there is a good chance they are not agg ressive. The person who is nervous may be able to walk away for a minute to collect themselves and then act as they should through a dinner party. In a setting where a young looking mother is out with her parents, the person might take the time to ask how old she was and what her situation was. The person may find that the young mother is responsible and owned up to her mistakes or that the mother is older than they thought and did not make a mistake. The third characteristic is the ability to motivate oneself which is setting a goal and reaching it. For the person who is nervous around African Americans, the goal may be to sit at the table and hold normal conversation with the dinner guests. They would then have to try to reach that goal by managing their emotions and following through with the dinner. For a person who looks down on teen mothers, the goal may be to accept all mothers as if they are the socially accepted age for parenting unless there is a clear reason why this mother is inad equate. The might reach that goal by always asking questions when they feel that a mother is inadequate because they are young. The fourth intelligence is recognizing emotions in others, which is called empathy. The best way to do this is to listen to what people are really saying and trying to understand it by observing their body language along with their actual language. In genders this can be difficult. Men tend to want to solve a problem where women want a sounding board, someone who understands them. If they can listen to each other and try to understand what the other wants and how they are feeling, the relationship will go better. For men, they often do not try to understand why a woman is upset when her friend says she should lose a pants size. He does not put himself in her shoes and does not easily relate to the problem. Instead, he might try to solve the problem by complimenting her or getting her a gym membership. This is not effective communication. The woman was not looking for a way to lose a pant size, but rather a person that would understand why she was the size she was and how bad it feels to be told she is too big. Body language plays a part in improving a person’s emotional intelligence. A person who is first starting out with improving their emotional intelligence, they may come across difficulties in the first four characteristics because what they are saying does not match up to their body language. A person might ask the teen mother her age, but still have a posture that shows they do not approve of this mother having a child. A person who fears African Americans may be able to sit through a dinner and talk nice, but might look as though they are ready to run out of the room if a butter knife is picked up the wrong way. The fifth characteristic is the ability to handle relationships. The person needs to recognize their own needs as well as the needs of the other person. They need to find a balance where both sets of needs, is met as fully as possible. If the person is always bending to meet all the needs of another person and neglecting their own needs, they are not going to be satisfied with the relationship for long. On the other hand, if the person ignores the other person’s needs and only fulfills their own needs, the other person is not going to be satisfied for long. With an understanding of how barriers, culture, gender, and emotional intelligence effect communication, a person is more able to communicate effectively and have fulfilling relationships. If these things are ignored, communication breaks down and a person can become isolated. 4†¦. Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality.

Cold War at Home essays

Cold War at Home essays They sometimes say that people most fear what they dont understand! Past and present warfare conflicts have brought a sense of patriotism and American duty to the United States. But in World War II in brought a sense of fear home with it too. In Chapter 11 of American Realities, by J. William T. Youngs, it highlights a point in time where many government officials and other high-ranking personnel used the fear of anticommunism to help benefit their own career and also bring down anyone who dared cross their path. One in particular, Joseph McCarthy, would take his freedom of expression to the highest level and also reveal the urgency behind the anti-Communist crusade. World War II was called The War to end all Wars, and was fought throughout the world, but many people dont realize that America was not only fighting the war on two fronts. One was in Europe against the Germans and the other was in the pacific against the Japanese, but America was fighting a separate war at home against a foe they could not see or find to well for that matter, Communism. McCarthy was the figurehead of support against communism during the cold war, but is now the brunt of punishment and criticism that we tend to give out these days when looking back. His life was the basic model for most Americans throughout this time period and showed the best of the American will to learn and succeed. Reading about McCarthy is an essential tool in understanding the fears that many Americans feared about communism, and the fears they had going against anyone like him. As you can tell I have and will be using the word fear a lot, I do this because it best illustrates the emotions brought out by the author when showing how McCarthys actions affected every person. Now I know it doesnt seem like it but I do believe that the chapter was balanced, oddly enough, in portraying each side. Most of the infor...

The Sunflower Essays

The Sunflower Essays The Sunflower Essay The Sunflower Essay the Nazi soldier didn’t deserve forgiveness because of how great the bad in the act that he carried out. If God forgives someone, does it settle everything? Lawrence is claiming that God doesn’t have anything to do with forgiveness and that man controls forgiveness. We control who can be forgiven and who is unforgivable this decides how everything will be settled. Who decides if someone is forgiven, the victim; perpetrator; the Law; God? The victim decides when someone is forgiven. The victim can choose to forgive a perpetrator according to how great the bad act that was carried out on the victim. Should the Nazi officer be forgiven? According to Lawrence, the Nazi officer should not have been forgiven because his wrong doings are so bad that they are un forgivable. Manes Sperber (Austrian-French novelist, essayist, and psychologist) What is forgiveness? According to Manes, forgiveness is what people seek to have a peace of mind after all their wrong doings when they are on the verge of death. In the story â€Å"The Sunflower† the soldier only came to realization of his wrong doings on his death bed and wanted to seek forgiveness from any Jew to have a clear conscience. Who has the right to forgive? The victim has the right to forgive, however the perpetrator will be benefitting more from the forgiveness. Sperber is standing in the logos where he is looking at directly right and wrong and also fair and unfair. It will be unfair for the victim to also give mental peace to the perpetrator after the wrong he did. If God forgives someone, does it settle everything? Sperber is looking at it from a logos perspective where God doesn’t have anything to do with forgiveness. Showing that forgiveness is between man and is a complex issue between man. The victim either can choose to forgive or can choose not to forgive. Who decides if someone is forgiven, the victim; perpetrator; the Law; God? The victim decides if someone is forgiven because the perpetrator seeking forgiveness is a selfish act. Perpetrator only seeks to have peace of mind and the victim can choose to give it to them or not. Should the Nazi officer be forgiven? According to Sperber, the Nazi officer should not be forgiven because he is being selfish and only seeking forgiveness because he is on his death bed. Charles Fowler (Student of Saint Leo University) What is Forgiveness? [ 1 ]. Wiesenthal, S. (1998). The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness [ 2 ]. Wiesenthal, S. (1998). The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness [ 3 ]. Wiesenthal, S. (1998). The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness [ 4 ]. Wiesenthal, S. (1998). The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness

How admin assistants can prep for the holidays

How admin assistants can prep for the holidays Attention all admin assistants- are you right in the middle of a flurry of never-ending holiday prep plans that is keeping you too stressed and frantic to enjoy the season? Or perhaps you’re putting off your holiday prep because it all seems too overwhelming and the mere thought of everything you have piling up on your plate is creating dizzying levels of anxiety and stress?If either of these scenarios sounds like you, stop what you’re doing and take a deep breath! Although the holidays can be especially challenging for admin assistants, who are no strangers to juggling the diverse needs and demands of others on top of their own, there are strategies for effectively getting through the holiday season while minimizing added stress and overexertion.Admin assistants- consider the following your helpful preparation and planning guide for making it through the holiday season unscathed!Prep early.Admin assistants are typically masters at getting an early handle on things that need to be done around the office, and they recognize the value of doing as much advanced preparation as possible to make sure that projects stay on track, no details are left unaddressed, and everything sticks according to plan.Prepping for the holidays should be no different- we’re all aware of how quickly the holidays seem to sneak up on us each year, and once they arrive it gets much tougher to get things done amidst the flurry of vacations and obligations that seem to come from every direction. Combat the â€Å"holiday slowdown† by planning for all the things that need to be done as early as possible in the year. The more you can get done early on, the better off you’ll be when the â€Å"blizzard† of holiday activities hits.Get organized.One of the keys to being successful as an admin assistant is staying organized. In today’s hectic work world, a disorganized or scatterbrained admin does not keep their head above water- or their jobs- for ve ry long, so the successful admin already possesses these crucial skills. Be sure to put them to good use when preparing for the holidays. A well-organized holiday checklist that includes all necessary activities and projects- with details on who is responsible for doing what- can really be an admin’s best friend when trying to get through the season. A comprehensive and well-maintained checklist will help you keep track of everything that needs to be done, all in one place.Balance time for professional and personal planning.Because admins are typically excellent planners by nature, they often find themselves stuck between two worlds during the holiday season- planning for everything that has to be done at work and planning for everything that has to be done in their personal lives. Don’t let your professional and personal lives collide while holiday planning, and don’t let one eclipse the other. Any admin worth their desk can strike a healthy work-life balance d uring the holiday season and effectively plan for both appropriately- keep the work planning at work and keep your personal planning out of the office.Don’t recreate the wheel.Admins usually have an array of helpful systems and processes in place that that they can deploy for whatever project arises- consider â€Å"holiday planning† as one major project, and use your holiday planning checklist from last year as the foundation for this year’s plans, and continue this tradition for each new holiday season. Obviously, some updating and tweaking will need to be done each year, but hopefully this will cover you for the bulk of the planning activities and will save you some time vs. starting a new checklist from scratch each year!There you have it admins- your helpful strategies for successful holiday planning. Use this advice to ensure that your preparation for this upcoming season is hassle free. Happy holidays!

Salem Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salem Trials - Essay Example To defend themselves from the punishment and excommunication of their religion, they had to admit that they were unaware of what they have done and that some witch cast a spell upon them and made them do such kind of things. An act that was born out of curiosity and adventure now turned into a general crisis. Upon realizing this story, the authorities took action by demanding that the girls give out names, thus 19 people were accused. Similarly, history seemed to have repeated itself in the guise of cold war when the conflict between USSR and USA erupted. Due to ideological differences, the communistic Russia compounded several reasons to cause apprehension among Americans. Both countries began to question their subject's loyalty and considered everyone a threat to their liberty. In America, a massive hunt for communist began. The HUAC campaign of John McCarthy "expounded fiery anti-Communist diatribes in print and in the new medium of television" (Boyer. 1985). What started as mere rivalry of powers, turned into a dark cloud of suspicion above everyone, and so began the espionage mission to address the impending threat to national security. The arrest, prosecution and execution of the Rosenbergs started the massive hunt for treacherous act which denotes how suspicions play a role in one's decision over the inherent right to be heard and to live freely. The announcement of those who were suspected to have communi stic inclinations working inside the government extended far into the strata of prominent actors, producers, academes, and scientists, where no one was excluded and no amount of heroism and bravery could restrain its deadly repercussions. Likewise in this era, there was also this looming suspicion as to the possession of nuclear weapon, a powerful arm set for massive destruction and even to the demise of mankind. There are several angles whereby the Salem witch trial ran in parallel with, the Cold War and Arms Race, and this is most clear in the area of power, more particularly in the aspect of subordination and the exercise of authority. The central theme of this paper is to point out the aspects in which all three are parallel and why they are considered as such. The Parallels in the aspect of a socialist view The commonalities in Salem trials, the cold war and arms race, lies in the nature where the unfounded skepticisms triggered enormous abuse to mankind, denying the inherent right to live and defend life. The Salem witch trial is congruent to both cold wars and arms race is the sense that each of them demonstrates the manipulation of the subordinates without paying any consideration to the subject's inherent right. All three stories defines the American culture of conformity, whereby one is forced to align his or her ideals according to what the standards say or what is generally accepted to be correct. Conformity, dictates that one is forced to follow if one does not want to be an outcast. In the Salem Witch trial, everyone conformed to the standards of their religion and because the practice of witch craft is deemed heretic by the church, then everyone who violates this standard ought to suffer punishment. Not one of those young children who accused 19 people of heresy took their wor d back for fear. No one dared defended the innocence of the accused for fear of being committing the

Discuss the concept of sustainable development and discuss its Essay

Discuss the concept of sustainable development and discuss its analytical relevance to the development prospects of developing countries - Essay Example inition has two essential concepts the first one being concept of needs which especially covers the needs of the world’s poor that needs to be prioritized. Secondly, the definition presents the idea of limitations in terms of resources which is as a result of technologies and social structures which strains the ability of the environment to satisfy present and future needs of human populations (Ciegis, Ramanauskiene and Martinkus 2009). Based on the definition by Brundtland report, it is apparent that human beings are faced with many possibilities for the satisfaction of needs. These possibilities might have different meanings depending on how the available alternatives are conceived either based on production and consumption, or various social and environmental functions. Pierantoni (2004) note that these possibilities that human populations deal with can be associated with the different types of capital that include human, economic, ecologic, and social capital which are all essential variables in the understanding of sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development has in its core the needs of human beings as opposed to those of other species, animals or ecosystems. On limitations, sustainable development establishes only boundaries and not absolute limitations but restrains, that applies to the present environmental resources and their capacity to absorb the effects of human activity. Consequently, the concept of sustainable development should be perceived as an equitable and balanced development. This basically means that for development to be consistent over a long period, it should take into account the interests of different groups of people within a given generation and among different generations and do so concurrently in three major related areas of economic, environmental, and social (Soubbotina 2004). In the context of developing countries, the essence sustainable development calls for the dramatic reduction of poverty and hunger in

Dams, hydroelectricity, and the effect apon the ecosystems Term Paper

Dams, hydroelectricity, and the effect apon the ecosystems - Term Paper Example However, the idea of constructing more dams in various places has been welcomed with great opposition. Many economic and social arguments have been raised against the construction of dam, but the most profound fact that has overshadowed all other arguments is the major ecological effects that large dams have on the ecosystem. Considering hydroelectricity, hydropower is actually a renewable energy since it depends on the water cycle on earth for the generation of electricity. The cycle of water begins when the water evaporates to form clouds which in turn condenses and precipitates back to the earth and gets back to the water reservoirs. Despite the fact that hydropower pose no effects on the quality of air, the process of constructing and operating large hydropower dams can have significant impact on natural ecosystem such as river systems wildlife and aquatic life population. The assessment of how hydropower affects the environment can be effectively done by reviewing different case s. This paper aims at discussing the effects that hydroelectricity and dams have upon the ecosystem. Effects of Dams upon the Ecosystem Dams have significant effects on both the downstream and upstream ecosystems. Dams comprise hindrances on rivers longitudinal exchange and they alter numerous processes in the natural environment. Flooding of dams in the upstream brings about total damage to the terrestrial ecosystems via a process known as inundation. Flooding eliminates all terrestrial animals and plants inhabiting the affected areas. Water reservoirs inhibit some aquatic species from migrating by obstructing their pathways1. On the downstream, there are obvious changes in sediment transport, water quality and temperature, and flow regime. These particular changes occur gradually and they are not easy to predict. The very common effect of large dams downstream is the reduction of annual water discharge; this lead to an increase in low flows and a decrease in high flows. Flood peak s reduction decreases the period, degree and frequency of floodplain outpouring. A decrease in the channel-formation shrinks the chances of channel migration. Transportation of sediment in the reservoir brings about complex alterations in aggregation and deprivation on the dams surface. Regulation alters the chronological flooding prototype, an effect that desynchronizes temperature systems and yearly water flow. These particular alterations have a direct influence on some dynamic factors affecting the heterogeneity of habitats and the integrity of the river ecosystem ecology. Changes in water quality, water to land interface, and thermal regime have direct impact in primary production, which translates to long term effects on aquatic life and other members in the upper food chain. Dams may also bring about alterations in the ecosystem even at a distance far from the dam2. For instance, any alteration on the transportation of sediments may result in changes in floodplains, coastal d elta and river morphology numerous of miles from the dam site. The river ecosystem responds to dams in several, complex, and diverse ways. Subsequently, while endeavouring to establish the impacts of dams on the ecosystem there is need for large bank of information relating to: riparian vegetation and related fauna; quality of water; rivers hydraulic features; geomorphologic features; aquatic animals and their environment; importance of river’

Ron Teachworths Color Field Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ron Teachworths Color Field Painting - Essay Example The essay "Ron Teachworth’s Color Field Painting" analyzes the paintings of Ron Teachworth. Teachworth continues to call himself a Detroit native and Detroit artist – many of his images began as bit of the urban landscape there. By the year 2000, however, these drawn or photographed subjects became abstractions. As an undergraduate student at Central Michigan University and during graduate work at Wayne State University, Teachworth favored the work of Kandinsky and the Abstract Expressionists (especially DeKooning and Diebenkorn). His work is, by his own description, a â€Å"mystery [of] space, light, color, and composition.† Any of these influences can be seen in his work, from Kandinsky’s play with form to DeKooning’s use of brushstroke to evoke movement to Diebenkorn’s structural fields of color. Earlier paintings had a surreal quality in which landscape elements were more realistic, but skies took on a major role. They dominated the lands cape in terms of size and color. A critic labeled them â€Å"sky fields,† a term which stuck with Teachworth as he continued to paint. From that point on the sky field was the most important space within the painting and took on brighter color and, finally, pattern. From there, the artist gradually removed any recognizable subject matter in favor of color and pattern, so that by the year 2000 his canvases became solely that. While developing this style, Teachworth had begun to add an impasto element to the patterning: small â€Å"sticks† of intensely colored paint laid down.

Organisational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organisational Behavior - Essay Example The second point of view of the organizational study is the macro study of the organization where the study is aimed at taking a general point of view of the whole organization. Macro point of view is also especially interested in how different organizations survive in changing conditions and how they learn to adapt to these changes, it focuses specially on the systems and people that help the company make a transition from this stage to the next one. Organizational studies can play a really important role in the development of an organization because it has all the ingredients that would give the employers the power to mould their workers in to a work force which is an ideal one for them and for this very reason it has been criticized by many because it is viewed as a tool by which employers control their workers in fact the case is totally different because organizational studies are designed to benefit the employees as well as the company that they work for. Organizational studies being a form of social science the over riding goal is to achieve a level where the employee can control the environment around him and should also be able to predict what is going to happen next due to the decisions being taken within the firm or the company. Since this paper aims to tackle both the macro and the micro side of the field of organizational study, macro should be dealt with first. Culture Culture is one of the most under rated portion of any company but the companies that have reached the top or those that are considered the most successful ones have never neglected this side of their corporate environment because it is in fact one of the most important things in the corporate sector. This is so because the culture defines how the employees of a firm behave and this behavior is what is important to the field of organizational behavior because people shape up an organization and their behavior shapes up the behavior or the direction of the company. The criteria for judging employees behavior or the culture of the organization is basically to check and see whether the policies that have been drafted are implemented or not and if they are with what regularity and what level of strictness is followed. The policies should be applicable to every one because if it does not then there would be clear cut discrimination and this would be the first fault line that would bring th e company down. The role of policies is to determine, to give direction to the employees of the company so that they may be able to ascertain certain things and these policies should be for every one, they should be implemented at all levels and no discrimination should be done on the basis of seniority, sex, cast or religion. This promotes healthy learning environments and people that are much friendlier and like each others company because they are being treated equally by the company and this promotes healthy working environment which is very important if a company or an organization has to grow and grow continuously and exponentially in every sense of the word growth. If such an environment is produced in the organization there would be automatic transfer of responsibility on every one to a certain degree, the role of the HR

Ron Teachworths Color Field Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ron Teachworths Color Field Painting - Essay Example The essay "Ron Teachworth’s Color Field Painting" analyzes the paintings of Ron Teachworth. Teachworth continues to call himself a Detroit native and Detroit artist – many of his images began as bit of the urban landscape there. By the year 2000, however, these drawn or photographed subjects became abstractions. As an undergraduate student at Central Michigan University and during graduate work at Wayne State University, Teachworth favored the work of Kandinsky and the Abstract Expressionists (especially DeKooning and Diebenkorn). His work is, by his own description, a â€Å"mystery [of] space, light, color, and composition.† Any of these influences can be seen in his work, from Kandinsky’s play with form to DeKooning’s use of brushstroke to evoke movement to Diebenkorn’s structural fields of color. Earlier paintings had a surreal quality in which landscape elements were more realistic, but skies took on a major role. They dominated the lands cape in terms of size and color. A critic labeled them â€Å"sky fields,† a term which stuck with Teachworth as he continued to paint. From that point on the sky field was the most important space within the painting and took on brighter color and, finally, pattern. From there, the artist gradually removed any recognizable subject matter in favor of color and pattern, so that by the year 2000 his canvases became solely that. While developing this style, Teachworth had begun to add an impasto element to the patterning: small â€Å"sticks† of intensely colored paint laid down.

In African American women who have delivered live infants, what is the Essay

In African American women who have delivered live infants, what is the effect of prenatal care, in comparison to no prenatal care, on infant mortality rates within the first year of life - Essay Example innovative service initiatives, and implementation of MCH programs, policy analysis topics, advocacy issues and professional development of medical and healthcare practitioners in the MCH area. As such, the Maternal and Child Health Journal is important because it can be used as a tool for practitioners, academicians and researchers in the areas of public health, gynecology, prenatal medicine, neonatology and obstetrics. The Maternal and Child Health Journal is sponsored by different organizations that include the Association of Teachers of Maternal and Child Health (ATMCH), Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP) and CityMatCH. The above description makes the Maternal and Child Health Journal an essential tool to which the group plans to submit the final manuscript. First, the journal is appropriate for the group because it covers the area of demography specifically in maternal and child health area. This makes it a specific journal that will be easier for the reader to find information on maternal and child health demographic issues. The group intends to carry out research on the effect of prenatal care, in comparison to no prenatal care, on infant mortality rates within the first year of life in African American women. Therefore, the topic of the research shows that it qualified to be published under the Maternal and Child Health Journal. Prior research into the group’s topic shows that African-Americans have 2.3 times the infant mortality rate compared to non-Hispanic whites. They are also four times likely to die as infants because of complications related to low birth weight compared to non-Hispanic white infants. It has also been shown that African Americans are 2.3 times more likely to begin prenatal care in their third trimester or not go for prenatal care at all compared to non-Hispanic white mothers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Compared to women from other racial/ ethnic groups in America, infants born to

Athenian Democracy 4 Essay Example for Free

Athenian Democracy 4 Essay Who really made our type of government? We surely didn’t. It was amazingly the people of Athens. It started in 508 BC and is still around as we use it. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right Participation was not at all open, but the in-group of participants was constituted with no reference to economic class and they participated on a scale that was truly phenomenal. The public opinion of voters was remarkably influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens. We have had that and many other laws changed around the government. In our government every few years the people vote on new people to represent them, hence the name â€Å"Representative† Democracy. However the Athenian people also voted on some of their leaders but that was done in the Agora, which is where every male land owner who is over the age of twenty would meet. This meeting was called the assembly. The assembly could be best related to our State Representatives. Then just above them was the council of 500, who monitored the assembly and gave them topics to discuss, as well as bills to vote on. Above the council of 500 come the Magistrates. The Magistrates job can be best described as the â€Å"Police in the Government. † Their job is to ensure that all the laws are being followed and act accordingly when they are not. The Magistrates, despite the amount of power that they hold, are still not the highest government official in the Athenian democracy, after them comes the Council of the 10 Generals. The Council of 10 Generals was in charge of the military. The Athens didn’t start by being a democratic city. It was started by Cleisthenes whose reforms turned Athens from an oligarchy (government by the few) to a democracy (government of the people). The key to Athenian democracy was Cleisthenes redrawing of the social-political landscape of Athens and Attica. The chief magistrate of the city was often called the Archon eponymous or ruler. His responsibilities included conducting investigations of legal cases, in particular those that involved the state. He was responsible for protecting the orphans and heiresses with no family and to appoint the choregos who was in charge of organizing the religious festivals. The move towards democracy reflects other changes in society. In the prehistoric period, throughout Greece, aristocratic families have provided the main fighting force, as cavalry. In the seventh century the Greek city-states develop the new military idea of the heavily armed soldier, the hoplite. A remorseless phalanx of hoplites becomes as effective on the battlefield as the tank in modern times. These soldiers provide their own weapons and armor, but this is expensive. Several of the Greek oligarchies, including that of Athens in the sixth century, reflect the power of this middle class of citizens. A strategic change of direction by Athens, early in the fifth century, gives these poorer citizens a new power. The military effort is diverted into building up an Athenian navy. Triremes, the fast warships of the time, need men to row them. Suddenly every citizen has a part to play, and the crews of a fleet of warships have a self-evident political strength. A more radical democracy, introduced by Pericles in 462, is almost an inevitable result. Approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot. There were two main categories in this group: those required to handle large sums of money, and the 10 generals, the strategy. One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates; election in general strongly favored the rich, but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite. Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought. In the fifth century BC, principally as seen through the figure of Pericles, the generals could be among the most powerful people in the polis. Yet in the case of Pericles, it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships (each year along with nine others). His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded. That influence was based on his relation with the assembly, a relation that first lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people. Under the fourth century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons. In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period. Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office. They too could be removed from office any time the assembly met. In one case from the fifth century BC the 10 treasurers of the Delian league (the Hellenotamiai) were accused at their scrutinies of misappropriation of funds. Put on trial, they were condemned and executed one by one until before the trial of the tenth and last an error of accounting was discovered, allowing him to go free.

Thalassemia Effects on Pregnancy

Thalassemia Effects on Pregnancy Thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in Iran and more than 2 million carriers of the thalassemia mutant gene are living in this country. Material methods: In this retrospective, case-control study, all pregnancies occurred between 2006 and 2008 were included. Patients were divided in two groups regarding the presence of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia. Patients in case and control groups were matched according to maternal age, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies. Cesarean delivery, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor were recorded in each group and were compared using the à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 or Fisher exact tests. Results: Overall 510 ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia subjects and 512 healthy controls were studied. cases with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia had significantly higher prevalence of oligohydramnios (P Conclusion: ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia does not influence the pregnancy outcome in the negative way significantly. Keywords: Minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia, Pregnancy outcome, Gestational diabetes mellitus Oligohydramnios Introduction The prevalence and severity of the thalassemia syndromes are population dependent.(1) Thalassemia minor results in a variable degree of the disease but, depending on the rate of ÃŽÂ ²-chain production, usually presents as asymptomatic anemia of mild degree(2) ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in Iran and more than 2 million carriers of the ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia mutant gene are living in this country. About 110 mutant genes have been recognized all over the world of which 21 have been identified in the Iranian population. The mutant genes and their frequencies vary greatly in different parts of Iran Prevalence of ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia minor among Iranian is about 7%. (3) ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia minor represents the heterozygous state. In general, a heterozygote for thalassemia is diagnosed owing to the patient presenting with a mild anemia (hemoglobin A level 1 or 2 g below normal range), low mean cell volume, low mean corpuscular hemoglobin, elevated hemoglobin A2, and normal or elevated hemoglobin F. During pregnancy, women with thalassemia minor will often show more significant anemia, which is often most prominent during the latter half of the second trimester and early third(4,5,6,7). Thalassemia syndromes constitute a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies that require close maternal and fetal surveillance during pregnancy, including appropriate consultation with maternal fetal medicine and hematology specialists. Even for the women who are asymptomatic before pregnancy the added stresses of pregnancy on the hematopoietic system can cause deterioration of maternal status. Health care providers must appreciate that the more severe the thalassemia syndrome the more significant the consequences for both woman and fetus.(4) The impaired globin synthesis impairs oxygen transport and delivery to tissues, placental bed, and fetus because of limited hemoglobin-oxygen binding. Furthermore, in more severe disease states, the accumulation of iron stores in vital maternal organ systems can lead to chronic organ dysfunction, such as cardiomyopathy and diabetes. These women must be monitored closely for worsening anemia and the development of pregnancy-associated complications (8). Because of high prevalence of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia in Iran and its possible effects on pregnancy outcome and limited study about this problem. we performed this retrospective case-control study to investigate pregnancy outcome of patients with minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia referring to Hafez Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2006 and 2009. These results can alert health care providers to take more care about ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia and pregnancy. Methods and material: This study was a case-control one which included all the pregnancies (7290) referring to Hafez Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2006 and 2008. The patients were divided into two groups regarding the presence of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia. Patients in case and control groups were matched according to maternal age, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies. The study was approved by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences ethical committee and all the patients gave their written consents. The data was collected by a means of a questionnaire. Overall 510 ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia subjects and 512 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Only women with singleton pregnancy were included. Patient with recurrent abortions (2 or more consecutive pregnancies resulting in spontaneous abortion), history of neural tube defect in previous pregnancies, history of infertility, history of any medical problem, undelivered in this center or mean follow-up visits less than thr ee times were excluded. Follow-up intervals in case and control groups were similar. Gestational age was calculated from the first day of last menstrual period or according to the sonography which was performed in the first months of pregnancy. Anemia was determined on the basis of hemoglobin less than 10 mg/dl. Anemia evaluation was performed in all the cases. Complete blood count (CBC), Iron studies (iron, total iron binding capacity) were performed for excluding iron deficiency anemia and the anemia of chronic disorders. Thalassemia was diagnosed according to CBC and standard hemoglobin electrophoresis criteria in the first trimester: an elevation of Hb A2 (equal or more than 3.5%) demonstrated by electrophoresis and column chromatography confirms the diagnosis of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia trait. Blood transfusions were given only when hemoglobin (Hb) dropped significantly (less than 7mg/dl)either due to pregnancy or any other causes. Hemoglobin increased at least to 10 mg/dl with transfusion.(According ACOG criteria(9) Folate supplement in each group (case control) w as given 1mg orally daily. In the study period each patient was evaluated for maternal age, parity, gestational age, maternal anemia during pregnancy (hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL) and birth weight. Poor pregnancy outcomes or complications included hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes (rupture of membrane under 37 weeks gestational age ) and preterm labor.(labor pain under 37 weaks of gestational age) Hydramnios (amniotic fluid index more than 24 cm), oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index 5 cm or less) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (when intrauterine growth under 10% by serial sonography especially in third trimester of pregnancy)were also evaluated using sonography in the third trimester. Labor and perinatal outcome included placental abruption, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, cesarean delivery, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes less than 7, perinatal mortality, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal packed-cell transfusions, neonatal ICU admission. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS package. Statistical significance was calculated by using the à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 or Fisher exact test. A multivariate logistic regression model, with backward elimination, was constructed to find independent risk factors associated with maternal ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia minor. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. A value of P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We recorded 510 alive-births and 7 (1.4 %) stillbirths in case and 512 alive births and 5 (1%) stillbirths in control group. The Hb A2 level in our cases usually was approximately 4-6%. Baseline characteristics of subjects in two study groups are shown in Table 1. There was no statistically significant difference between these groups regarding these baseline characteristics. There was no significant difference between these groups regarding pregnancy hypertension and gestational DM (Table 2). Polyhydramnios (AFI>24cm) was observed in 1.4% of cases and 1.9% of control group while oligohydramnios was observed in 10.8% of case and 5.4% of control group (P=0.001, Table 2). Regarding the perinatal complications, 3.1% of case group and 1.5% of control group developed IUGR (P=0.073). Cesarean delivery was significantly more common in case group than control group (38.3% vs 26.5%; P=0.001, Table 3). There was no significant difference between two groups regarding the Apgar score in 1st (P = 0.65) and 5th minute (P = 0.25), ICU admissions (P = 0.17) and placental abruption (P = 0.42). Using a multiple logistic regression model of risk factors for minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia, oligohydramnios, placental abruption and meconium-stained amniotic fluid were significantly associated with cesarean delivery (Table 4). Conclusion Thalassemia syndrome is very common in Iranian population. This case-control study was performed on patients with minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes and describe most risk factors associated with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia minor during pregnancy. This study consisting 517 minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia subjects is one of the biggest studies of its kind in Iran. Perinatal mortality (P=0.38) and Apgar score at 1min (P=0.65) and 5 min (P=0.25) after delivery were similar in patients with and without minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia minor. This is consistent with previous studies (9-13). Thalassemia has been associated with an increased incidence of obstetrical complications (14). Adverse pregnancies outcomes detected in these case series, especially low birth weight (Wt Chronic maternal anemia during gestation might lead to fetal hypoxia, predisposing the fetus to IUGR (1,14). Thus, it was suggested that hemoglobin concentration should be maintained above 10 g/dL during these pregnancies (15). No significant association was found between hemoglobin levels and IUGR among thalassemic women in Eyal Sheiner and colleagues study and suggested that a different mechanism is responsible for IUGR in thalassemia minor patients (16). At least one study showed acute splenic infarct in ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia minor .(18).this mechanism may cause placental infarction but this theory needs further study to be approve. In another study all adhesion molecules and CRP (C-reactive protein) increased in patients with thalassemia intermediate (19) .so this molecules and inflammation may cause placental insufficiency in ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia minor but more study is neede Sheiner and associates (2004) reported that oligohydramnios were increased twofold in 261 affected women. In our study oligohydramnios was found in 10.8% of case and 5.4% of control group (P We found no statistically significant difference in the pregnancy outcome, preterm delivery, birth weight, growth restriction, pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes between thalassemic and non thalassemic patients. All studies investigating pregnancy outcome of patients with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia found higher rates of cesarean delivery (11,14,15,17). Likewise, in our study we found significantly higher rates of cesarean delivery. By using a multiple logistic regression model of risk factors for minor thalassemia, the following conditions were significantly associated with cesarean delivery: oligohydramnios, abruption and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. However, IUGR was not statistically independent risk factor for cesarean delivery, unlike previous study that cesarean birth due to fetal distress related to fetal growth restriction (13). In conclusion, Hemoglobinopathies can be associated with a variety of effects on the mother, fetus or newborn. The effects range from absence of clinical disease to severe morbidity and death. Through the obstetrician-gynecologists high index of suspicion based on clinical history and a close working relationship with a consultant hematologist, pregnancy outcome in patients with these disorders can be improved. Since most hemoglobinopathies are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions, screening, counseling, and prenatal diagnosis are important components of prenatal care for these women. Thalassemia syndrome, including minor ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia during pregnancy can present unique management challenges and requires close maternal and fetal surveillance. The course of pregnancy of patients with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia minor, including perinatal outcomes, is favorable. In spite of an attempt to keep hemoglobin levels above 7.0  g/dl, the incidence of fetal growth restriction and preterm birth has been relatively high, though maternal complications are rather not different from general. Care for such pregnancies should be multidisciplinary, incorporating a maternal-fetal medicine specialist, a genetic counselor, and a hematologist. However, since fetal growth restriction complicates more pregnancies with thalassemia syndrome, the need for close antenatal follow-up and frequent sonograp hic assessment of fetal growth can be overemphasized. Further prospective studies among high-risk populations for ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia with larger sampling should investigate the efficacy of such surveillance programs. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends screening for ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia in couples of Mediterranean ancestry. We might miss some pregnant ladies with minor thalassemia and normal hemoglobin who were included in control group.

I Am Fearfully and Wonderfully Made :: Biology Essays Research Papers

"I am fearfully and wonderfully made" "I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works; that I know very well"(Psalm 139:14). From what I've been learning about the brain, that is, what we understand and the whole lot that is yet to be understood about its intricate networks, I can marvel along with the psalmist, David. Indeed, we are fearfully and wonderfully made, and our brain is a great testimony of that fact. What would the psalmist have written if he was alive today, to know what we now know and understand? To think of what we've come to understand about ourselves, especially about our brains. How would the psalmist respond? Well, let's take a look at the brain. From being in class, my awareness about what I'm doing, what I'm seeing, what I'm hearing, what I'm thinking has come to reflect upon not just what, but how is it all being done by my brain. This morning I woke up, my eyes opened, I looked out my window, I saw the sun rising, it was this beautifully deep yellow/orange color. I thought, "How beautiful" and I smiled with a sense and feeling of wonderment. It could be said that I experienced nothing out of the ordinary this morning. Yet, if I could narrate these few activities in terms of the networking of neurons resulting in my eyes opening, my sight of the sun, my ability to perceive its color, my inner acknowledgment of its beauty and the emotions that sight evoked in me, you would be reading for a very long time and what I did this morning would indeed present itself in quite an extraordinary light. It is in recognition of this, with respect to the brain's aptitudes, that Howard Hughes in his p aper, "Seeing, Hearing and Smelling the World" quoted May Pines in expressing, "We can recognize a friend instantly-full face, in profile, or even by the back of his head. We can distinguish hundreds of colors and possibly as many as 10,000 smells. We can feel a feather as it brushes our skin, hear the faint rustle of a leaf. It all seems so effortless: we open our eyes or ears and let the world stream in. Yet anything we see, hear, feel, smell, or taste requires billions of nerve cells to flash urgent messages along linked pathways and feedback loops in our brains, performing intricate calculations that scientists have only begun to decipher"(1). I Am Fearfully and Wonderfully Made :: Biology Essays Research Papers "I am fearfully and wonderfully made" "I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works; that I know very well"(Psalm 139:14). From what I've been learning about the brain, that is, what we understand and the whole lot that is yet to be understood about its intricate networks, I can marvel along with the psalmist, David. Indeed, we are fearfully and wonderfully made, and our brain is a great testimony of that fact. What would the psalmist have written if he was alive today, to know what we now know and understand? To think of what we've come to understand about ourselves, especially about our brains. How would the psalmist respond? Well, let's take a look at the brain. From being in class, my awareness about what I'm doing, what I'm seeing, what I'm hearing, what I'm thinking has come to reflect upon not just what, but how is it all being done by my brain. This morning I woke up, my eyes opened, I looked out my window, I saw the sun rising, it was this beautifully deep yellow/orange color. I thought, "How beautiful" and I smiled with a sense and feeling of wonderment. It could be said that I experienced nothing out of the ordinary this morning. Yet, if I could narrate these few activities in terms of the networking of neurons resulting in my eyes opening, my sight of the sun, my ability to perceive its color, my inner acknowledgment of its beauty and the emotions that sight evoked in me, you would be reading for a very long time and what I did this morning would indeed present itself in quite an extraordinary light. It is in recognition of this, with respect to the brain's aptitudes, that Howard Hughes in his p aper, "Seeing, Hearing and Smelling the World" quoted May Pines in expressing, "We can recognize a friend instantly-full face, in profile, or even by the back of his head. We can distinguish hundreds of colors and possibly as many as 10,000 smells. We can feel a feather as it brushes our skin, hear the faint rustle of a leaf. It all seems so effortless: we open our eyes or ears and let the world stream in. Yet anything we see, hear, feel, smell, or taste requires billions of nerve cells to flash urgent messages along linked pathways and feedback loops in our brains, performing intricate calculations that scientists have only begun to decipher"(1).

Historical Interpretations Role in The of a national or international policy for Cultural Heritage Protection Essay

The main difference between approaches to Cultural Heritage Protection, as discussed by Muller, namely between â€Å"object-centrism† and â€Å"functionalism† is associated with the fact that the first approach regards the cultural object and its protection as a value in its own right, while the latter focuses on the cultural object in the context of its meaning for society and its processes of acculturation and socialization. Object-centrism advocates primacy of the cultural object rather than its value, be it artistic or economic (Muller, 1998). Artworks of the past are seen as valuable treasures, and the integrity of entire set of objects produced by a certain culture has to be protected. Object-centrism scholars â€Å"focus on the primacy of the heritage object, considering that it has a value existing independently of people that should not be susceptible to any change† (Loulanski, 2006, p. 215). This approach also argues for the necessity of protection of information about a given culture, and cultural objects serve as a source of such information. Thus, while archaeology is a typical example of the philosophy of object-centrism, anthropology also fits in the picture by virtue of preserving information and data about cultures. As concerns the answer to the question which is at the heart of the debate on Cultural Heritage Protection, namely whether nation state or international community should be the guardian of cultural heritage, object-centrism only cares about the safety and integrity of the cultural object and not the nature of its stewardship. Proponents of object-centrism argue that practical value of the cultural object is hard to determine, since it might have little utility now but be of great importance for future generations. And in the light of little connection between ancient and modern societies, ancient heritage is worth preservation in it own right. However, this approach has come in for much criticism: â€Å"Although the object-centric approach seems more sensible for guaranteeing the rights of existence for all cultural heritage, and modern because it prioritizes the integrity of cultural heritage, it proves to be somewhat illogical and unrealistic† (Loulanski, 2006, p. 216). Cultural objects are inherently connected to human societies and histories, thus it is unproductive to view them outside of their natural context. Rather than regarding heritage as a set of cultural objects, it should be regarded in the light of public good it is able to create: â€Å"Increasingly cultural heritage is seen as a much broader phenomenon which can contribute to political ideals, to economic prosperity and to social cohesion† (Council of Europe, 2000, p. 3). Cultural heritage has been linked to national unity, citizenship, appreciation of diversity, cultural identity and memory, amenity, sustainable development and quality of life. Graham (2002) suggests â€Å"the concept of heritage as a social construction, imagined, defined and articulated within cultural and economic practice† (p. 1003). In my view, functionalism is a more productive approach to cultural heritage protection. However, it poses dome difficulties for historical interpretation, since it denies the idea that cultural objects have value in their own right. Each nation has its own approach to assigning value to and defining functions of cultural objects. Thus, international community might disagree with interpretations suggested by nation stares. It imperative to separate historical interpretation from other forms of interpretation: â€Å"Historical interpretation must be based on a multidisciplinary archaeological and/or historical study of the site and its surroundings, yet must also indicate clearly and honestly where conjecture, hypothesis or philosophical reflection begin† (Pathways to Cultural Landscapes, 2002 p. 5). The solution to the problem is to engage all interested stakeholders in the process of historical interpretation, be they different groups within one society or different countries in the global community.